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04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet

04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet. WHEN DID THIS ALL BEGIN?. A new field…. First interactive kiosk in 1977 World Wide Web was not invented until 1991. Interactive Media is tied to the Internet.

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04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet

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  1. 04: Origins of Interactive Media and the Internet

  2. WHEN DID THIS ALL BEGIN?

  3. A new field… • First interactive kiosk in 1977 • World Wide Web was not invented until 1991

  4. Interactive Media is tied to the Internet • Some interactive digital media does not run on the Internet (standalone museum kiosks, video games) • This is becoming less common as Internet connectivity is more pervasive, speeds increase and applications take advantage of networking possibilities. • The Internet is the NETWORK that delivers a great deal of interactive content.

  5. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE internet and the WEB?

  6. The Internet is not the Web. • The Internet is a network and the Web is an application running on it. • However, the Web did play a large role in the surge of Internet usage.

  7. WE ARE GETTING AHEAD OF OURSELVES…WHEN DID IT ALL BEGIN

  8. Alan Turing (1912-1954) • “Father of the modern computer” • British mathematician. • “if we can think of a way to do something, the computer can do it for us.” • Proposed a “Turing Machine”

  9. Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974) • “Father of interactive media.” • Proposed the Memex, a machine that would allow a research to record “trails of interest” connecting one document to another via a series of links. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees

  10. J.C.R. Licklider, a.k.a “Lick” • A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network • Articulated ideas in 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis • “A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions.” – J.C.R. Licklider • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (2:05 – 3:30)

  11. Ted Nelson • American philosopher and pioneer of Internet technology. • Described a system “Project Xanadu” in 1974 – very much like the WWW. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vmZTQloseo&feature=relmfu(6:32 – 7:07) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYn64fIbtiU&feature=plcp (7:55 – 8:43)

  12. THESE WERE ALL THEORISTS – WHO ACTUALLY BUILT THE INTERNET?

  13. The Internet began in the 60s • In the 1960s mainframe computers were only used at research institutions and government. • Big, expensive and couldn’t do much. • “Timesharing” was required – people shared time on the computer system.

  14. Invention of the Internet • Started as a government project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA) • Bob Taylor worked for DARPA at the Pentagon and secured the funds • Motivation was to connect computers at research universities to be able to share time on each other’s computers. • Called it the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi97PlMeal4 (3:30 – 5:25, 6:45 – 7:07)

  15. Government had the money… but who would build it? • U.S. Gov put out a RFP (request for proposals) to build the Arpanet. • BBN (Boston, MA based company) won the contract • “We could build it buy why would you want it?” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&feature=relmfu (2:46 – 4:26)

  16. How did it work? • First two computers networked were UCLA and Stanford. • They did this by sending data across telephone lines. • Data was sent in packets using a technique called “packet switching”. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6DGbEFJnRo&feature=relmfu (4:55 -9:16)

  17. Internet Built… But Not Used • Universities connected… but very little usage. • Hard to work on other people’s systems (different types of computers, OS, applications, etc…)

  18. Email: the killer app • Email invented by a BB&N employee named Ray Tomlinson. • “just a hack” • What happened to Internet traffic? • The Internet began to thrive when it realized it’s potential as a communication medium. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&feature=relmfu (6:31 – 8:33)

  19. WHEN DID Regular people get to use the internet?

  20. Networks Needed to Be Connected • After the ARPANET was started – other networks sprouted up. • Protocols needed to be established to allow computers on different networks to communicate with one another. • Solution: TCP/IP • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJYcdmw27do&feature=relmfu (4:06 – 6:34)

  21. 1980s – Personal Computer • In the 1980s - Internet usage was limited. • First personal computers started emerging in the late 1970s. • Modems commercially available. • Command line interface was difficult to use.

  22. WHY DID THE personal computer become more popular in the 1980s?

  23. Invention of GUI • Operating a computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) was much easier because all the user had to do was point and click and not memorize a bunch of commands. Command line interface GUI interface

  24. GUI invented at Xerox PARC • Xerox PARC was a research arm of Xerox Corp. • Mouse invented by Douglas Englebart at Xerox PARC in 1967. • Englebart was inspired by Vannevar Bush • Englebart never received royalties for his invention.

  25. Xerox PARC did not Sell Tech • Steve Jobs licensed the GUI / Mouse technology from Xerox PARC (for $40,000) • Not the only time Xerox PARC failed to capitalize on inventions.

  26. Apple: an OS with a GUI • Apple LISA – 1983 - 1st computer with GUI (did not sell well) • Apple’s Macintosh introduced in 1984. • Had a Graphical User interface (GUI) and a “mouse.” • A GUI OS made computers much easier to use because instead of having to know the commands to run a program, the user could simply click on what they wanted. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nz8WD6v-Jg&feature=fvst

  27. Microsoft embraces a GUI OS • Success of the Macintosh prompted Microsoft to introduce “Windows” a GUI OS for PCs.

  28. Innovations in Networking Helped Grow the Internet • The ability to network computers together to share resources also spurred on the growth of the Internet. • LANS – local area networks • WANS – wide area networks

  29. LANs: Hardware • Hardware • The Ethernet standard for networking was another technology invented at Xerox PARC – but taken by it’s creator (Bob Metcalf) and launched via a new company (3COM). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNAOuscNwf0&feature=relmfu (4:30 – 7:00)

  30. LANs: Software • Software • Microsoft was left in the dust by Novell in the development of LAN software. • Motivated tried to buy Novell then partner with 3COM and develop Microsoft OS2 LAN Manager • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENOjfjUVYQw&feature=relmfu (1:06 – 5:58) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaCFHuVZAU0&feature=relmfu (:35 - 5:08)

  31. WANs • How do you network different networks together? • Hardware needed to be developed: bridges and routers • Created by Len and Sandy Bosack (Stanford professors) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOldgIq3GXo&feature=relmfu (45:21 – 50:25)

  32. Why did the internet experience explosive growth in the 1990s?

  33. Internet Growth in the 1990s • Greater availability of personal computers • Personal computers easier to use • Better modem technology • Biggest Factor: Invention of WWW

  34. WWW Invented in 1991 • WWW invented by Tim Berners Lee at the CERN Lab in Switzerland. • He was trying to devise a way that researchers could publish their findings, make the immediately available for other people to view and easily publish/update information. • He created the first browser . • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (3:54 – 6:29)

  35. The dot.com boom • In 1995 congress repealed the law the prohibited buying and selling over the Internet. As a result, in the late 1990s we saw an explosion of ecommerce sites emerge. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (11:15 – 12:29)

  36. WWW like the Macintosh? • The growth of internet usage after the introduction of the WWW is analogous to the growth in popularity of the Apple Macintosh • A GUI made both the personal computer and the Internet much easier to use. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (12:32 – 13:13)

  37. Invention of Browser • Marc Andresen, a U. of Illinois college student invented a browser on his own (called Mosaic). • It became very popular. (became Netscape). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (13:13 -18:44)

  38. Netscape vs. Internet Explorer • Microsoft wanted to capture some of the business that Netscape was cornering with their browser. • Microsoft introduces Internet Explorer and gives it away with their operating system. • This hurt Netscape’s bottom line. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSypwSiAJSw&feature=relmfu (49:52 - 54:13)

  39. How has interactive digital media evolved in the 2000s and beyond?

  40. Adaptive Web Sites • Web sites became less static and more dynamic – adapting to the user.

  41. Content Management Systems • Web site owners want ability to manage their own content. • Different content management systems emerge. • Adobe Contribute (software) • CMS architectures • Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal • Custom solutions

  42. Web 2.0 • Signifies a new way we are using the Web • Collaborative systems: blogs, wikis, on-line reviews, etc… • Everyone is becoming increasingly more of a content creator.

  43. Birth of Social Media • MySpace founded in 2003. • Wordpress founded in 2003. • Facebook founded in 2004. • Twitter founded in 2006.

  44. New Hardware for Experiencing Web • 2001 - 1st Smartphone: Palm Kyocera 6035. • 2000s – Microsoft Tablet PC – not successful • 2010 – Birth of iPad. • Emergence of smartphones and tablets create new challenges for web developers.

  45. WHAT is the future of the internet?

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