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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Why did industrialization grow so fast? Many natural resources. Experienced workforce to supervise unskilled industry workers. Capital accumulated prior to the Civil War from shipping. Institutions to mobilize capital like banks and stock exchanges. What else?.

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 • Why did industrialization grow so fast? • Many natural resources. • Experienced workforce to supervise unskilled industry workers. • Capital accumulated prior to the Civil War from shipping. • Institutions to mobilize capital like banks and stock exchanges.

  2. What else? • Transportation like canals and railroads move produce and resources. • Homestead Act of 1862 make land available. • New farming methods like fertilizer are used. • New machinery makes it easier. • This sparks Steel production for farm machinery. • Shipbuilding to export farm produce. • Railroads for all of the above.

  3. Government? • Republicans put policies into effect during the Civil War. • Higher protective tariffs on exports/imports. • Homestead Act. • Support for higher education like the Land-Grant College Act of 1862. • Land grants to railroads. • All of these things allowed for towns, and later cities to pop up.

  4. The Economy…yikes. • Industrialization expands agriculture and governmental policies for growth after the Civil War. • Many times this goes up or down with business. • 1873 there is a depression which is long-lasting and severe. • The Railroads are a perfect model for big business. • Creates a market in the west for products.

  5. I’ve been workin on the Railroad • New industries looked to the Railroad as a model. • Development of bureaucracy. • Concepts of business administration. • Raising capital through the sale of stocks and bonds. • Competition, price wars, and the race to win are all problems the Railroad faces. • Market is divided.

  6. Other things Railroad did • A rebate is instated for preferred customers. • Higher rates for short hauls. • Government can’t regulate because of lobbying, free passes, and bribery. • Chicago has the biggest Railroad transformation. • Mail-order business became popular. • Meatpacking also booms in Chicago.

  7. Steel • At first there are many businesses. • Tends toward fewer large corporations. • Andrew Carnegie is the leader of this. • 1875 in Pittsburgh he builds the larges and most complex steel company. • Vertical integration is what he uses to do this. • He owned the iron ore mines, and a fleet of ships to transport the ore. • He owned coal lands as well.

  8. All about the $ • Social Darwinism is applying Darwinian evolutionary principles to human society. • Competition will ensure the survival and improvement of civilization. • Industrial entrepreneur then will survive. • According to Carnegie the wealth contributed to society by returning wealth to the community. • Carnegie and Rockefeller were philanthropists.

  9. About the workers • Most adults came from rural society. • Pace controlled by the machine and the manager. • Broke the manufacturing into smaller parts. • Unskilled workers could be used. • Immigration skyrocketed between 1865 and 1914 for jobs. • Children worked in the industry. • Mostly these jobs were textile.

  10. Workers • Also employed women who worked in textiles and offices. • Usually paid lower wages than men. • Skilled workers created the first unions. • Membership limited to white males. • Craft union controlled apprenticeship training. • Could strike effectively because they were needed. • In 1866 tried to go national, and by 1872 they were done.

  11. Politics • Political Parties dominate in this era. • Each has similar organizations and purposes. • Invention of the caucuses, which were local at first. • Campaigns were almost entirely party oriented. • Loyal supporters could get government jobs if their candidate was elected. • These were sought after, especially if they involved handling money.

  12. Politics part 2 • Some people didn’t agree with this. • Some people even thought that this government ignored principles and revolved around greed.

  13. Socratic Debate • Rules: • Be prepared to participate • Don’t raise hands • Invite others into the discussion. • Refer to the text to support your comments. • Comments must be appropriate/respectful/focused. • Listen to and build on one another’s comments. • Don’t interrupt

  14. Questions to discuss • Why do you think the Republicans chose the economic policy they did. What outcomes did they expect to result from it, and why were those outcomes attractive?

  15. 2 • Who do you think were the most prominent Americans before the Civil War? • Now do the same for the time from 1865-1900. • How do they differ? • Why do you think that is? • Today who owns any of the “big” companies…do we know? • Why is that?

  16. 3 • Of the things we talked about/heard about tonight, which was the most important? • Why?

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