PLANT NOMENCLATURE

1. PLANT NOMENCLATURE Reference: Simpson, M. 2010. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Inc., U.S.A.

2. What is Nomenclature? Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system. What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature? International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) What organisms are covered by the ICBN? Land plants, "algae," and fungi

3. What are two basic activities governed by the ICBN? 1) Naming new taxa 2) Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way)

4. What are legitimate and illegitimate names? Legitimate Names in accordance with the rules of the ICBN Illegitimate Names violate one or more rules of the ICBN

5. How are changes to the ICBN made? International Botanical Congress held in Vienna, Austria - July 2005 Melbourne, Australia - July 2011

6. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature. 2) The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types. 3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication.

7. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!] 5) Scientific names are treated as Latin. 6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.

8. What are the rules vs. regulations of the ICBN? Rules = required Recommendations = not required

9. What is a scientific name? = the names assigned by the rules of the ICBN In Latin language E.g., Malpighia, Alliaceae, Zingiberales

10. Linnaeus Who first consistently used binomials? What is the correct form of binomials? Binomial = “two names” E.g., for Quercus dumosa Nuttall Quercus = genus name (capitalized) dumosa = specific epithet (not capitalized) Quercus dumosa = species name (underlined or italicized) Nuttall = author

11. Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous? Only scientific names are universal, used the same world-wide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory 2) Common names are not consistent. a) A taxon may have more than one common name. b) One common name may refer to more than one taxon (e.g., ”hemlock”). 3) Common names tell nothing about rank. 4) Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any language.

12. What is rank? What is position? Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks. Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank . E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae)

13. What are the ranks? Kingdom (various) Plantae Phylum [Division] -phyta Magnoliophyta Subphylum [Subdivision] -phytina Magnoliophytina Class -opsida Magnoliopsida Subclass -idae Asteridae Superorder -anae, [-iflorae] Asteranae Order -ales Asterales Suborder -ineae Asterineae Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthusannuus Subspecies (various) Helianthusannuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthusannuus var. annuus

14. Major Rank Endings: Order -ales Asterales Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthusannuus Subspecies (various) Helianthusannuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthusannuus var. annuus

15. subfamily What is the rank of: Flacourtiaceae family Haemodoreae tribe Hamamelidae subclass Linnaea borealis var. longiflora variety Liliopsida class Conostylidoideae Magnoliophyta phylum Rosales order Tribonanthes genus Tribonanthes variegata species Phlebocarya ciliata ssp. pilosissima subspecies

16. Umbelliferae Alternate Family Names Arecaceae Palmae Asteraceae Compositae Brassicaceae Cruciferae Fabaceae Leguminosae Apiaceae Faboideae Papilionoideae Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae Guttiferae Lamiaceae Labiatae Poaceae Gramineae

17. Subgenus versus subgeneric?

18. What is a trinomial? subspecies or variety name E.g., Toxicodendron radicans ssp. diversilobum (diversilobum = subspecific epithet) Sphenomeris chinensis var. rubens Amoroso et Medecilo rubens = varietal epithet Brickellia arguta var. odontolepis (odontolepis = varietal epithet) What is of higher rank?

19. Authorship? the name of the person who first validly published the name

20. E.g., Rosaceae Jussieu Conostylideae Lindley Mohavea A. Gray Mohavea confertiflora (Bentham) Heller Alocasia nycteris Medecilo, Yao & Madulid Monardella linoides A. Gray ssp. viminea (Greene) Abrams AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED: Haemodoraceae R. Br. (for Robert Brown) or Liquidambar styraciflua L. (for C. Linnaeus)

21. How to learn scientific names: 1) Syllabize and accent. 2) Use mnemonic devices. 3) Learn the etymology (meaning). 4) Practice and review: oral and written recitation.

22. What is a nomenclature type? Herbarium specimen (usu.) permanently associated with a name. Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication. Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place. Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available. Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type.

23. Taxa at which ranks have types? Types exist for all ranks up to family A specimen described by Linnaeus is the type for Borago officinalis L. Borago officinalis L. is the type for the genus Borago L. The genus Borago L. is the type for the family Boraginaceae Jussieu

24. What is a priority of publication? Name published first is the legitimate one When and with what publication begin? Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753(with exceptions) Adverse consequences? How to correct? Nomina familiarum conservandaNomina generica conservanda et rejiciendaNomina species conservanda

25. Two reasons for name change? 1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate). 2) Additional research has changes definition and delimitation of a taxon. Four major ways that names are changed? United, Divided, Changed in rank, Changed in Position

26. Name changes: Name may be divided: E.g., Rhus (Anacardiaceae) split into Malosma, Rhus, and Toxicodendron

27. Name changes: Names may be united: E.g., Diplacus and Mimulus (Phrymaceae) have been united into one genus, Mimulus

28. Name changes: Name may be changed in position: E.g., Sedum variegata transferred to the genusDudleya, the new species Dudleya variegata;

29. Name changes: Name may be changed in rank: E.g., Pentagramma triangularis ssp. maxoniichanged to rank of species: Pentagramma maxonii

30. What is a basionym? Author(s) in parentheses? The original (now rejected) name, part of which (the epithet) has been used in a new combination. (only within same rank; recommended for change of rank) Person(s) who named basionym. Retained!

31. Basionym E.g., Sedum variegata Wats. was transferred to the genus Dudleya by Moran, new species name is: Dudleya variegata (Wats.) Moran [Note: Sedum variegata Wats. is the basionym] E.g., Muhlenbergia shepherdii (Vasey) Swallen transferred to Blepharoneuron by Peterson & Annable, new name is: Blepharoneuron shepherdii (Vasey) Peterson & Annable.

32. What is an autonym? Automatically created name for infrafamilial, infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa. Created when taxa are divided. Assigned based on priority of publication. Autonyms have no authors.

33. Autonyms: E.g., Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene split by Isely into 2 varieties: Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene var. ottleyi Isely Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene var. stipularis Family Euphorbiaceae divided into subfamilies: Euphorbioideae is the autonym Genus Ceanothus split into two subgenera: Subgenus Ceanothus and subgenus Cerastes (Subgenus Ceanothus contains type species for the genus.)

34. What are the main criteria of valid publication? 1) Name must be effectively published 2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending. 3) Name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. [Vernacular description typically included.] 4) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and below).

36. What is a synonym? = a rejected name, byaparticularauthororauthors. Synonyms usu. indicated in brackets; e.g., Malosma laurina Abrams [Rhus laurina Nutt.] Why rejected? 1) because illegitimate. 2) because of taxonomic judgement.

37. What is a correct name? How can a name be legitimate but not correct? A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name that is accepted by a particular author or authors. Each taxon can have only one correct name. There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names. Only one of these can be correct (in any given work).

38. Malacothrix incana (Nutt.) T. & G.[Malacomeris i. Nutt.] (=basionym) Porophyllum gracile Benth.[P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene] Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. & V. Grant[Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz] (=basionym)

39. What is a homonym? What is a tautonym? = binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling. Tautonyms are not permitted E.g., Helianthus helianthus is a tautonym and illegitimate Helianthus helianthoides is not a tautonym and would be permitted. = synonym identical to accepted, correct name.

40. Abbreviations: "in" = "in the publication of" E.g., Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in T. & G. May be abbrev: Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. "ex" = "validly published by." E.g., Microseris elegans Greene ex A. Gray May be abbrev.: Microseris elegans A. Gray.

41. Abbreviations "x" = a hybrid. E.g., Salviaxpalmeri (Gray) Greene = S. apianaxS. clevelandii. "sp. nov." = species novum E.g., "Eryngium pendletonensis sp. nov." "cf." = confer, meaning "compare." E.g., "Calyptridium cf. monandrum"

42. Independence of Botanical Nomenclature Same names can exist in botanical and zoological codes. Both codes can treat same organisms, e.g., "Protista". Retroactivity of the ICBN

43. Botanical Names What language? Latin, language of the Romans Three Latin genders & primary endings: masculine -us Amaranthus feminine -a Crassula neuter -um Eriogonum Exception to gender endings? Many classical trees are feminine, regardless of ending, e.g., Quercus alba, Pinus ponderosa

44. What names are Latin plurals? Rank of families & above (“The Rosaceae are...”) Commemorative names? Named after some person or place. Endings of commemoratives? Male: -ii, -i (after r or y or non-a vowel), -e (after a) smithii, breweri, baileyi, barbanae Female: usually add -e or -ae barbarae,

45. Pronunciation of Latin names? No universal rules; varies from region to region. Latin diphthongs: -ae (æ) Tropaeolum -ei Eichhornia -oe Kallstroemia -eu Teucrium -au Daucus -ui Equisetum BUT: -oe (=oë): Aloe (also written Aloë) oi Not a Latin diphthong. Vowels are separately pronounced in Latin But, often like “oil” in English: Euphorbioideae

46. Number of syllables in a scientific name? = number of vowels and diphthongs Cakile microcarpa Cleistes Oenothera Eucalyptus Pyrus Caesalpinioideae Cae sal pi ni o i de ae How to pronounce commemoratives? • As they would be pronounced in Latin • As the person or place would be pronounced in the native language. • E.g., Hesperoyucca whipplei (after Whipple)