LECTURE 7 AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY

1. LECTURE 7AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY Introduction to Safety Management & Hazard

2. INTRODUCTION If the aircraft is not broken, why should we fix it? In aviation, safety is first Safety – a challenge not easy to achieve Safety can be achieved Safety makes economic sense Safety is everybody’s responsibility As we know, an aircraft must be check regularly. This situation rise questions from many people.

3. Again why?? Why don’t we just wait until the aircraft damage to fix the aircraft? Prevention is better than cure To fix (maintenance and checking) an aircraft, it cost high costs. Organizations already recognize that risk exists in their operation and they want to eliminate the possibility of an accident or incident. If you believe safety is expensive, try an accident. None can afford the costs or financial of an accident.

4. Safety is the state in which the possibility of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk management. • The concept of safety in aviation may have different characteristics depending on the perspective such as: • Zero accidents or serious incident • Freedom from hazards • Error avoidance • Attitudes of employees towards unsafe acts and conditions.

5. No human activity or human made-made system can be guaranteed to be absolutely free from hazards and operational error. Technology has been developed to help human to reduce the hazard and maintain safety. This technology does not primarily aim at improving safety but aim at satisfying the demand for increase in the delivery of services, while maintaining existing margins of safety. As a consequence, technology that is not sufficiently developed may lead to unexpected failures. Thus, this is relevant for the need of safety management to be implemented.

6. SAFETY MANAGEMENT What does this mean to you? What do you understand about “a systematic approach to managing safety? INTRODUCTION Safety Management System (SMS) is the core foundation of aviation business. 70% of accidents are due to human error. According to ICAO, an SMS is defined as “a systematic approach to managing safety including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures.”

7. SAFETY MANAGEMENT If you are an aircraft operator, a maintenance organization, an aircraft manufacturer, an air traffic services provider, or a certificated airport operator you MUST have an SMS in place. The SMS must do the following things: The challenge is how to accomplish these actions.

8. SAFETY MANAGEMENT ICAO has established a framework for an SMS that incorporates four basic components and 12 elements as shown here:

9. SAFETY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT. • Organizations must overcome potentially opposing obstacles. • To overcome problems, an organizations must know how to solve past, current and upcoming accidents or hazards. • There are 3 basic strategies for safety management which are: • Reactive Method • Proactive Method • Predictive Method

10. SAFETY MANAGEMENT Reactive Method Criteria • Require a very serious triggering event. • Use for the event that can cause damage either serious or not. • The integral part of mature safety management. • They are most appropriate for situations involving failures in technology and/or unusual events. • For example: • Investigation of accident

11. SAFETY MANAGEMENT Proactive Method Criteria • For less serious triggering event with little or no damaging consequences. • Proactive navigation aids are based upon the notion that system failures can be minimized by identifying safety risks within the system before it fails, and taking the necessary actions to mitigate such safety risks. • Example: • Mandatory and voluntary reporting system • Safety audits • Safety survey

12. SAFETY MANAGEMENT Predictive Method Criteria • Trying to find trouble instead of waiting for the triggering event to come up. • Aggressively seek for safety information. • Essential statistical system because all data collected, analyzed and combined with data from reactive and proactive safety data collection system. • For example: • Hazard reporting systems • Flight data analysis • Normal operations monitoring

13. SAFETY MANAGEMENT PAST PRESENT FUTURE

14. SAFETY MANAGEMENT EIGHT BUILDING BLOCKS Eight basic and general building blocks underlie the process of managing safety: 1) Senior management’s commitment to the management safety • “No money, no safety”. • Senior management have to give commitment by allocate some resources for the need of safety management system.

15. Senior management’s commitment Giving the commitment for safety management would provide safety environment in an organization. Hence, the senior management have to comply and help building the safety system for their organization.

16. Senior management commitment leads towards safety environment. Giving funds for safety purposes leads towards safety. Not only that, this commitment create good and harmonic environment among employee.

17. 2) Effective safety reporting • Organizations need to acquire safety data on hazards that allow for measurements to take place. • Develop working environment where effective safety reporting take place. • In conclusion, “one cannot manage what one cannot measure” 3) Continuous monitoring • Collect safety data on hazard during normal operations • Analyze and extract safety information from data

18. Effective safety reporting The data or analysis of hazard should be reported effectively. How? By informing or explaining to senior manager (or other worker) about the hazard data, an individual can measure the hazard and work on to solve the problem.

19. 4) Investigation of safety occurrences • To investigate why such hazard happen. • Enable an organization to avoid the same hazard occur. • To know the hazard origin is much more important compared to know who cause the hazard. 5) Sharing safety lesson learned and best practices • Actively exchange information. • Various organizations face different hazard. • Sharing experience can give extra information to avoid hazard from happening. • After all, learning from mistakes is the best option as you experience it. Thus, by sharing safety lesson, one organization might learn mistakes made by other organizations.

20. 6) Integration of safety training for operational personnel. • Safety is everybody responsibilities. • There is an urgent need to include dedicated training addressing the basics of safety management at all level. • Each of individual must aware with the knowledge of safety. 7) Effective implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP’s) • SOP’s, Checklist and briefing of everything involves in aviation are the most effective safety devises • They are a powerful mandate from senior managements on how they want the operation to be conducted.

21. 8) Continuous improvement of the overall safety • Managing safety is not a one-day affair. • It is an ongoing activity that can be successful only through continuous improvement.

22. The basic safety process

24. HAZARD To make your operation safer, you need to know what could cause injury or damage, how likely it is to happen, and how serious the result could be. The official terminology is "hazard identification" and "risk management". Hazard–Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function

25. HAZARD • A hazard is a condition with the potential of causing loss or injury. • A risk is the chance of a loss or injury, measured in terms of severity and probability. • Hazard can be grouped into three generic families which are: Types of hazards • Natural • Technical • Economic