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Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on Vo 2max and Running Performance

Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on Vo 2max and Running Performance. Brian J. Fischer KINE 649 – Appl. Exercise Physiology Texas A&M University Fall 2006.

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Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on Vo 2max and Running Performance

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  1. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on Vo2max and Running Performance Brian J. Fischer KINE 649 – Appl. Exercise Physiology Texas A&M University Fall 2006 Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  2. History… • Early studies reported improved running performance and increased aerobic capacity at sea-level (SL) after training at altitude • Balke, 1964; Balke et. al 1965; & Faulkner et. al 1967 • Effects attributed to significant training adaptations that occurred during the experimentation • Faulkner et. al 1968 • Conflicting evidence existed about the effects on performance and/or Vo2max with well-trained ATH’s. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  3. History… • Differences in findings attributable to a number of interrelated factors: Dill & Adams, 1971 • Training state • Altitude • Length of time at altitude • Altitude training intensities • Control vs. experimental grouping Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  4. Purpose… • To determine existence of potentiating effect on performance at SL attributable to physiological adaptations from training at an altitude of 2,300m (PB = 586mmHg) for 21 days when compared to training of equivalent time and intensity near SL (16m, PB = 760mmHg). Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  5. Methods & Procedures • Twelve highly trained middle-distance runners, each having just completed their competitive season, were assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 or Group 2 • Matched for Vo2max, season best 2-mile run time or equivalent, and age • Three weeks prior to study involvement all subjects trained a minimum 6d/wk, with all but one subject running at least 80km/wk. • Was one of the first studies to use a control group when working with trained runners. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  6. Subjects Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  7. Experimental Design • Group 1: • Trained at Davis, California (SL, 16m, PB = 760mmHg) for 1st 3 weeks • Performed 19.3km/d @ 75% SL Vo2max • Group 2: • Trained at US Air Force Academy (AFA, 2,300m, PB = 586mmHg) for 1st 3 weeks • Trained equal distances at ~75% altitude Vo2max • Groups traded experimental locations/conditions for an additional 3 weeks Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  8. Experimental Design • Pre- and post-test measures taken for Vo2max and 2-mile run time • seasonal best 2-mile run times used for pre-experimental measure • Periodic near exhaustive Vo2max treadmill tests and 2-mile competitive time-trial runs conducted in 2 to 4 day intervals • Three day testing period followed completion of the study, included Vo2max treadmill run and 2-mile time trial performed by all subjects Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  9. fig. 2 Cross-over Control Design SL AFA Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  10. Experimental Routine • Outdoor training pace was set at ~75% Vo2max at SL • Training pace at AFA was decreased by 6.5% from SL, equivalent to the difference between winner of Mexico City Olympics 10,000m and then existing world record. • General observation and daily subject running logs showed no significant deviations from experimental training regimen at either location. • Subjects received “normal well-balanced” diet and stayed in dorms at AFA • Subjects lives where they chose while at SL Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  11. Methods • Vo2max testing was performed late afternoon according to a modified Saltin-Åstrand treadmill protocol • Dill & Adams, 1971 • HR monitored via presternal ECG leads • Venous blood samples drawn 5 min postexercise, then immediately prepared and stored for subsequent blood lactate analysis via modified enzymatic methods • HR and standard respiratory metabolism parameters were measured at 3 equally spaced intervals during each treadmill distance training run. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  12. Methods • Two-mile time trials conducted on all-weather rubberized asphalt tracks at both locations. • Subjects ran on days 3, 18, 24, 39, and 45 (both groups together on day 45 – posttest) • Dry and wet bulb temps and wind direction and velocity measured prior to and after competition Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  13. Results • Initial 2-mile times for both groups averaged 7.2% slower at AFA vs. SL control. • Both groups improved initial time in 2nd trial but were still 5.2% (30s) slower than SL control. • Postaltitude performance was 7s faster than SL control for Group 1, but was 7s slower for group 2. • The mean data were in line with results from similar studies Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  14. Results – mean data for 2-mile run time at 2,300m Discussion Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  15. * • Altitude (AFA) and post-Altitude data: • * BW ↓ significantly in both groups • * ↑ VE over SL VE while at altitude only significant in G1 • * HRmax ~4% ↓ in both groups • No significant difference in blood lactate from SL control, @ altitude or post-altitude * * Discussion Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  16. Results SL * * * AFA Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  17. Results – mean initial decrement in Vo2max at 2,300m Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  18. Results • Researchers felt confident in equivalency of training between groups at SL and AFA since the difference between groups in terms of mean % Vo2max was not significant • There was also no significant difference in the means for both groups at SL (76.2%) compared to AFA (76.8%). • Was wide individual variation in relationship between Vo2max and treadmill speed Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  19. Results Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  20. Discussion • Reduction in work performance and aerobic power in endurance athletes upon exposure to moderate altitude had been well documented • For both groups in the present study the immediate altitude response was essentially the same and followed a similar pattern: • 2-mile performance times were elevated along with VE at Vo2max and [Hb], while Vo2max and HRmax were slightly reduced. • fig 2 table 2 Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  21. Discussion • … elevated … VE at Vo2max … • ↑ VE with acute exposure to altitude partially alleviates decrease in CaO2 that results from reduced ambient PO2. • ↑ VE is an efficient response as the respiratory system in unimpaired up to “very great heights” and with decreased air density at altitude, little additional energy is needed to increase VE above that for maximal SL ventilatory requirements. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  22. Discussion • … elevated … [Hb], … • ↓ plasma volume resulting in hemoconcentration was responsible for the ↑ [Hb], which was noted on day 1 at altitude. • Functional impairment that occurs at altitude primarily result from low PaO2 rather than content. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  23. Discussion • While at AFA, 2-mile times improved for both groups, blood lactate was relatively unchanged, and Vo2max slightly increased? • Reduced plasma volume → ↓ SVmax, + ↓ HRmax = ↓ Q… ↑ Vo2max unlikely to be from improved circulatory TO2. • More likely due to improved pulmonary diffusion &/or ↑ (a-v)o2diff. • Overall, Vo2max was reduced over SL control – sig. Group 2, not sig. Group 1 Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  24. Discussion • …blood lactate remained unchanged… • Running performance was not greatly affected by anaerobic metabolism • Great intraindividual variability was noticed, though no significant differences between groups from SL controls at altitude or upon return to SL • Contrast to other studies that showed greatly reduced blood lactate values at higher altitudes • 2,300m may be below the altitude threshold for anaerobic metabolism to be a factor • Length of exposure to altitude Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  25. Conclusions • Authors concluded that there is no potentiating effect of hard endurance training at 2,300m over equivalently severe training at SL on aerobic power or running performance in already well-conditioned middle-distance runners. • Effects observed in earlier studies may have depended on an altitude threshold, periodic return to SL, time after return to SL, absolute training intensity at altitude, or the aerobic capacities and training status of the athletes involved. Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

  26. Conclusions • Runners in competitive conditioned state prior to training at altitude do not increase aerobic power or performance upon returning to SL. • Intensive training is not well tolerated at altitude. • “Live high, train low” Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, & Bomar JB, Jr. Effects of Equivalent Sea-level and Altitude Training on V02max and Running Performance. JAP. 39(2): 262 – 266, 1975.

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