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IR1 IMEM

IR1 IMEM. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Formulating Research Problem, BREDA SEP2011. Recap review literature. INDICATORS FOR A GOOD SOURCE. Carries a title Has the author/s clearly listed Uses sources according to an international standard

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IR1 IMEM

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  1. IR1 IMEM RESEARCH METHODOLOGYFormulating Research Problem, BREDASEP2011

  2. Recap review literature

  3. INDICATORS FOR A GOOD SOURCE • Carries a title • Has the author/s clearly listed • Uses sources according to an international standard • reference list & in-text referencing according to e.g., APA • Is published at credible publishing houses • Is referenced by other researchers too • If 1-3 are not met, the source is of questionable quality => refrain from using it • If 4-5 are met, the source is of good quality => use it!

  4. SOURCES ( Links added to ResearchMethods.nl) • http://scholar.google.com • http://portal.acm.org • http://ieeexplore.ieee.org • http://sciencedirect.com • Conference paper => less time to prepare, less time to review, more recent, limited scope • Journal paper => more preparation, strict review process, established knowledge, easier to generalize • Book chapter => even more established knowledge but no peer review

  5. SEARCHING vs. FINDING • Search easy but Find not easy Main problems: • Sticking to the obvious • Using tutor cited literature • Inefficient search strategies • Content is not possible to be accessed

  6. DEVELOP THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK • Sort material under main themes & theories • Highlight agreements & disagreements • Identify unanswered questions or gaps • Iterative process

  7. DEVELOP CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK • Which part of theory are you going to research • How?

  8. The Research Problem

  9. IMPORTANCE OF FORMULATING Research Problem • ‘…like the foundation of a building.’ (Kumar, p.44) • The way a RP is formulated can determine: • Type of study design • Sampling strategy • Research instrument

  10. SOURCES FOR Research Problem • People • Study population • Problems • Issues, needs • Programmes • Intervention • Phenomena • Cause and effect

  11. CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING A R. P. • Interest • Magnitude • Measurement of concepts • Level of expertise • Relevance • Availability of data • Ethical issues

  12. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select Step 2 Dissect Course Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make Sure

  13. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select Step 2 Dissect Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make sure

  14. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select Step 2 Dissect • Pass rate low Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make sure

  15. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select • What causes a low pass rate • How to improve the pass rate • How to improve the knowledge level Step 2 Dissect • Pass rate low Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make sure

  16. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select • What causes a low pass rate • How to improve the pass rate • How to improve the knowledge level Step 2 Dissect • Pass rate low Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make sure To Improve the pass rate of the course Find out why Come with new more effective ways to teach/train Measure the effects of the new chosen method

  17. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select • What causes a low pass rate • How to improve the pass rate • How to improve the knowledge level Step 2 Dissect • Pass rate low Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Step 6 Make sure To Improve the pass rate of the course Find out why Come with new more effective ways to teach/train Measure the effects of the new chosen method • Amount of work • Time available • Financial resources • Technical expertise

  18. STEPS IN FORMULATING A R) Step 4Raise Question Step 3Select • What causes a low pass rate • How to improve the pass rate • How to improve the knowledge level Step 2 Dissect • Pass rate low Pass rate Low Book difficult Too little time Abstract thinking too low Research Methods Step 1 Identify Step 7 Double check Step 5 Formulate Objectives Really interested Agree with objectives Adequate resources Technical expertise Step 6 Make sure To Improve the pass rate of the course Find out why Come with new more effective ways to teach/train Measure the effects of the new chosen method • Amount of work • Time available • Finacial resources • Technical expertise

  19. Characteristics for Objectives Clear

  20. Characteristics for Objectives Clear Complete

  21. Characteristics for Objectives Clear Complete Specific

  22. Characteristics for Objectives Identify main variables to correlate Clear Complete Specific

  23. Characteristics for Objectives Idetify the direction of relation Identify main variables to correlate Clear Complete Specific Descriptive studies Correlational studies (non) experimental) Hypothesis testing studies

  24. STUDY POPULATION • Clearly identify the study population • In the example we just discussed what would be the study population? • Why is it important to define the study population?

  25. Establish Operational Definitions • In our example we have some concepts defined • What is a low pass rate? • What is Knowledge level? • When is the pass rate improved? • So Be as precise as possible when defining the research problem! Do not expect that everybody has the same reference

  26. OPERATIONALIZING • Quantitative research !

  27. SUMMARY • The 4 P’s ( People, Problems, programmes, phenomena) • Considerations ( Interest, Magnitude, Measurement of concepts, Expertise, Relevance, Availability of data, Ethical Issues) • Steps 9 Identify, Dissect, Select, Raise Questions, Formulate Objectives, Make sure, Double check) • Define the study Population • Establishing operational definitions (How do you define poverty, income, study succes etc.)

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