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Crystal-induced Arthropathy: Gout and Pseudogout

Crystal-induced Arthropathy: Gout and Pseudogout. Michael J. Battistone, MD Musculoskeletal Organ Systems November 21, 2005. Objectives-I. Identify and describe asymptomatic hyperuricemia acute gouty arthritis intercritical gout chronic tophaceous gout

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Crystal-induced Arthropathy: Gout and Pseudogout

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  1. Crystal-induced Arthropathy:Gout and Pseudogout Michael J. Battistone, MD Musculoskeletal Organ Systems November 21, 2005

  2. Objectives-I • Identify and describe • asymptomatic hyperuricemia • acute gouty arthritis • intercritical gout • chronic tophaceous gout • Recognize risk factors for hyperuricemia and gout, including major disease associations

  3. Objectives-II • Be familiar with basic principles in diagnosis • synovial fluid WBC count/differential • polarizing microscopy • Be familiar with basic principles of treatment of gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease

  4. Lecture Overview-I • Gout • definitions and clinical manifestations • pathophysiology • metabolic steps leading to uric acid • renal excretion of uric acid • acute gouty arthritis • precipitating factors • diagnosis • treatment options

  5. Lecture Overview-II • Gout (cont’d) • intercritical gout • chronic tophaceous gout • clinical features • diagnosis • treatment options

  6. Lecture Overview-III • Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD, or “pseudogout”) • definitions • clinical features • diagnosis • treatment options • Sample questions • Your questions

  7. Key Points-I • Hyperuricemia increases risk of gout, but hyperuricemia alone is not gout • Predisposing factors for gout • other diseases (associated with hyperuricemia) • medications • environmental conditions • Several diseases associated with CPPD • Estrogen is uricosuric

  8. Key Points-II • Properties of monosodium urate crystals • needle-shaped, negatively birefringent • Properties of calcium pyrophosphate crystals • rhomboid, positively birefringent • Allopurinol should never be used as treatment for acute gouty arthritis, nor given to someone who is also taking azathioprine

  9. Gout: Definitions • Gout is a disease characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate deposition in the body • Gouty arthritis is joint inflammation caused by monosodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid and/or joint tissues

  10. Gout: Clinical Manifestations • Acute gouty arthritis • Intercritical gout • Chronic tophaceous gout • Miscellaneous other (e.g., gouty nephropathy)

  11. Uric Acid BalanceChoi et al. Pathogenesis of gout. Annals Intern Med 2005; 143:499

  12. Gout: Pathophysiology • Uric acid: overproduction vs. underexcretion • Mechanisms of urate “production” • cellular nucleoproteins/nucleotides (~ 66%) • diet (~33%) • Mechanisms of urate excretion • kidney (~66%) • gut (~33%)

  13. Renal Excretion of Uric Acid • Completely filtered by the glomerulus • Completely (essentially) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule • Approximately 50% is secreted back into the tubule in the descending loop • Approximately 80% (of the 50% now in the loop) is reabsorbed in the ascending loop • Net excretion = 10% of filtered load

  14. Urate Excretion • hOAT3- human renal organic anion transporter • hUAT1 • hUAT2 • URAT 1

  15. OAT • OAT • URAT1- • mutations implicated in familial renal hypouricemia • Proximal tubule • Suppressed by uricosurics and losartan, high dose salicylate • Lasix may increase its fxn Bieber JD et al. Gout-On the Brink of Novel Therapeutic Options for an Ancient Disease. 50 (8). August 2004, p2400-2414.

  16. Diet

  17. Diet

  18. Diet

  19. Diet • 12 year prospective study of 47,150 men with no h/o gout • 730 new cases of gout • Conclusions: • High levels of meat and seafood increased risk • High levels of dairy decreased the risk • Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetable or protein not associated with increase risk of gout Choi HK, et al. Purine-Rich Foods, Dairy and Protein Intake, and the Risk of Gout in Men. NEJM 350(11). March 2004. 10931103.

  20. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia • Hyperuricemia alone does NOT make a diagnosis of gout -only a subset of people with hyperuricemia will develop gout -probability of gout increases with higher uric acid levels • Asymptomatic hyperuricemia generally requires no treatment

  21. Conditions AssociatedWith Hyperuricemia • Lymphomas (esp. Hodgkin’s disease) • Myeloproliferative disorders • Diabetes • Psoriasis • Sarcoid • Glycogen storage disease

  22. Acute Gouty Arthritis:Clinical Features • Acute onset (hours) of severe arthritis • Usually monarticular • almost any joint can be affected • 1st MTP joint (podagra) most common (50%) • Other joints (in decreasing frequency): midfoot, ankle, heel, knee, wrist, fingers, elbow • Associated findings: fever,  WBC,  ESR • Typically resolves over days or weeks, regardless of treatment

  23. Acute Gouty Arthritis

  24. Acute Gouty Arthritis:Precipitating Factors • Surgery • Alcohol • Fluctuation of uric acid level • initiation of therapy to lower uric acid level • diuretics (esp. hydrochlorothiazide) • aspirin • low doses raise uric acid levels • high doses lower uric acid levels

  25. Acute Gouty Arthritis:Diagnosis • Observation of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid leukocytes • Monosodium urate crystals are • needle-shaped • negatively birefringent

  26. Negative Birefringence

  27. Negative Birefringence

  28. Acute Gouty Arthritis:Treatment Options • Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs • Colchicine • Steroids • intra-articular • oral • Joint aspiration • Analgesics • Observation (no therapy)

  29. Intercritical Gout • Symptom-free period between attacks (may be months or years) • If untreated, episodes of acute gouty arthritis become more frequent, last longer, and often involve more joints (polyarticular)

  30. Chronic Tophaceous Gout:Clinical Features • Tophi are deposits of urate crystals in tissue • Common sites: • synovium • subchondral bone • olecranon bursae • infrapatellar • Achilles tendon

  31. Chronic Tophaceous Gout:Clinical Features • Frequent attacks of acute gouty arthritis • Bone destruction and degenerative arthritis are common in advanced cases

  32. Chronic Tophaceous Gout

  33. Chronic Tophaceous Gout

  34. Chronic Tophaceous Gout

  35. Chronic Gout-Radiographic Features

  36. Chronic Tophaceous Gout:Treatment Options • Control and prevent acute gouty arthritis • Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs • Colchicine • Steroids • Analgesics • Reduce serum uric acid levels (< 4.0 mg/dL) • decrease uric acid production (inhibit xanthine oxidase) • increase uric acid excretion (uricosuric drugs)

  37. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition:Allopurinol • Blocks conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid • Accumulation of hypoxanthine inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis (negative feedback) • DO NOT USE allopurinol with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine

  38. Uricosuric Agents:Probenecid • Blocks renal tubular resorption of uric acid • Most effective when urine pH basic and flow relatively high • Used less frequently than allopurinol

  39. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD):Clinical Presentations • Pseudogout • frequent attacks after surgery, trauma • knee most commonly involved • Pseudo-rheumatoid arthritis • Pseudo-osteoarthritis • Pseudo-neuropathic joint

  40. Definitely Associated Hemochromatosis Hyperparathyroidism Hypophosphatemia Hypomagnesemia Wilson’s disease Possibly Associated Hypothyroidism Gout Ochronosis CPPD: Associated Diseases

  41. CPPD: Diagnosis • Observation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in synovial fluid leukocytes • CPPD crystals are • rhomboid • positively birefringent

  42. What Type of Birefringence?

  43. What Type of Birefringence?

  44. What Type of Birefringence?

  45. CPPD-Arthroscopic View

  46. CPPD: Radiographic Features • General similarities to osteoarthritis • Chondrocalcinosis--calcification of cartilage • menisci of knees • triangulofibrocartilage of wrists • Other sites demonstrating calcification • bursae • joint capsule • synovium • tendon

  47. CPPD-Chondrocalcinosis

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