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Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk

12. Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk. Cardiovascular Disease in the United States An Epidemiological Overview. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 41% of all deaths in the U.S. Nearly 1 in 2.5 Sudden cardiac deaths 61 million live with CVD

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Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk

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  1. 12 Cardiovascular Disease:Reducing Your Risk

  2. Cardiovascular Disease in the United StatesAn Epidemiological Overview • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) • 41% of all deaths in the U.S. • Nearly 1 in 2.5 • Sudden cardiac deaths • 61 million live with CVD • 25% of women will die within 1 year of 1st heart attack • Do you know someone who has had a heart problem?

  3. 1999 Total Cardiovascular Disease Age-Adjusted Death Rates by State Figure 12.1

  4. Cardiovascular Disease in the United StatesAn Epidemiological Overview • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (continued) • 38% of men will die within 1 year of 1st heart attack • Economic burden estimated to be $298 billion • What do you suppose people can do to reduce their risk of CVD?

  5. Understanding the Cardiovascular System • The Heart: A Mighty Machine • Four chambers • Two upper chambers are called atria • Two lower chambers are called ventricles • Valves regulate the flow of blood • How many times during a 24 hour period does the heart pump?

  6. Anatomy of the Heart Figure 12.2

  7. Understanding the Cardiovascular System • Steps in Function • Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium • Travels to right ventricle • Through pulmonary artery to the lungs (receives oxygen) • From lungs to left atrium of heart • Forced into left ventricle • From left ventricle through aorta to all body parts

  8. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Atherosclerosis • Arteriosclerosis • Early theories • Inflammatory risk • Syndrome X

  9. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Coronary Heart Disease • Greatest killer • Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack • Coronary thrombosis • Collateral circulation • Ventricular fibrillation

  10. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Angina Pectoris • Ischemia • Treatments • Arrhythmias • Irregularity in heart rhythm • Fibrillation • Over 4 million Americans diagnosed

  11. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Congestive Heart Failure • 5 million Americans • Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease • 1 in 125 children (present at birth) • Rheumatic caused by unresolved streptococcal infections • Antibodies attack the heart

  12. Types of Cardiovascular Disease • Stroke • Blood supply to brain is interrupted • Thrombus (blood clot) • Embolus (a wandering clot) • Aneurysm (a weakening in blood vessel that causes bulge or burst) • Killed more than 159,000 in 1999 • Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) brief interruption • Warning signs

  13. Common Blood Vessel Disorders Figure 12.3

  14. Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease • Risks You Can Control • Avoid tobacco • Cut back on fats and cholesterol • Changing lifestyle v. cholesterol lowering drugs • Reduce saturated fats • Lose weight if your weight is high • What types of activities will you begin to change today?

  15. Table 12.1

  16. Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease • Risks You Can Control (continued) • Modify dietary habits • Step into or maintain exercise • Control diabetes • Control your blood pressure • Hypertension “silent killer” • Manage stress

  17. Table 12.2

  18. Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease • Risks You Cannot Control • Heredity • Age • Gender • Race

  19. Women and Cardiovascular Disease • Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Women • Estrogen • Diabetes • High blood pressure • Kidney disease • High cholesterol • Smoking • What has happened in research to change the thinking on CVD and women?

  20. Women and Cardiovascular Disease • Neglect of Heart Disease Symptoms in Women • Gender bias • Viewed as a male disease • Women decline major procedures more often than men • Gender Bias in the Research • Women’s Health Initiative

  21. New Weapons Against Heart Disease • Techniques of Diagnosing Heart Disease • Electrocardiogram (ECG) • Angiography • Positron emission tomography scan (PET) • Radionuclide imaging • Magnetic resonance imaging • Digital cardiac angiography

  22. New Weapons Against Heart Disease • Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery • Bypass more invasive • Bypass has longer recovery time • Angioplasty uses a balloon to open artery • May not last long

  23. New Weapons Against Heart Disease • Aspirin for Heart Disease: Can it Help? • Risks may outweigh the benefits • Thrombolysis • Drugs that reduce amount of damaged tissue • Cardiac Rehabilitation • Many insurance plans include • Some find it difficult to afford • Benefits of these programs far outweigh any risk

  24. New Weapons Against Heart Disease • Personal Advocacy and Heart-Smart Behaviors 1) Know your patient rights 2) Find out about informed consent 3) Ask about alternative procedures 4) Have a loved one advocate on your behalf 5) Monitor the actions of health care providers 6) Be considerate of your care providers 7) Be patient with patients • If you were a heart attack survivor, what could you do to help others prevent this problem?

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