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Jean Grave, Le Pape de la Rue Mouffetard ?

Jean Grave, Le Pape de la Rue Mouffetard ?. Dr Jessica Wardhaugh. Lecture plan. I. Connections and Communities A. Family origins  B. International connections C. Anarchists of the Latin Quarter  D. Artists, writers, and bohemia E. The anarchist press II. Conflicts

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Jean Grave, Le Pape de la Rue Mouffetard ?

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  1. Jean Grave, Le Pape de la Rue Mouffetard? Dr Jessica Wardhaugh

  2. Lecture plan • I. Connections and Communities A. Family origins  B. International connections C. Anarchists of the Latin Quarter  D. Artists, writers, and bohemia E. The anarchist press • II. Conflicts • Le Pape de la Rue Mouffetard? • Anarchism on trial

  3. Family origins • Jean Grave was born in Breuil in 1854; in 1857 his family moved to Paris. • His father was a shoemaker and Jean followed him into this profession, the two working initially together. Jean then worked for a printer. • Father and son fought together in the Commune; Jean then lost his sister and mother, and his father disappeared. He became involved with socialists, then anarchists, in Paris. • In 1883 he published an incendiary pamphlet, Organisation de la propaganderévolutionnaire

  4. International connections • Kropotkin and ÉliséeReclus involved Grave in the publication of Le Révolté(1879->)in Geneva (organ of the anarchist Jurassian federation) • Grave worked in Geneva until 1885, when he relocated (with Le Révolté) to Paris, settling in the Rue Mouffetard

  5. Artists, writers and bohemia: Les Temps Nouveaux • Grave published Les Temps Nouveaux from 1895 to 1914, with a circulation that increased from 2,700 in 1895 to 5,200 by about 1902. • This included theoretical articles by Reclus and Kropotkin (and other anarchists) as well as articles on strikes, demos, and international anarchism. • From the tenth issue there was also a literary supplement

  6. Rue Mouffetard

  7. Anarchist connections • Les Temps Nouveaux and La Révolte connected anarchist writers and militants • Subscribers included Octave Mirbeau, Paul Adam, Jean Richepin and Bernard Lazare, as well as the anti-Semitic EdouardDrumont, and the nationalist Maurice Barrès • Well-known writers also contributed to the newspaper

  8. Jean Richepin ‘Je resterai toujours, et de beaucoup, votre débiteur, à vous qui me répandez dans le public le plus vivant, le seul où les idées semées fleurissent en actes.’ (Letter to Grave, 11 April 1891)

  9. Artists and Grave • Much of Grave’s correspondence was with artists, such as Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Paul Signac (1863-1935), Henri-Edmond Cross (1856-1910), Charles Angrand (1854-1926), Théo van Rysselberghe (1862-1926) and Maximilien Luce (1858-1941) • Many produced covers for Les Temps Nouveaux or for accompanying pamphlets

  10. RaoulDeberdt, La Caricature et l’humourfrançais au XIXe siècle (1898) ‘Le XIXe siècle a été tout particulièrement fécond en images. L’invention de la lithographie populaire, puis la création des journaux illustrés vers 1830, et les extraordinaires progrès de l’impression en couleur, ont contribué à substituer peu à peu le papier imagé à la toile peinte et encadrée. Le tableau se meurt ; mais la démocratique image s’insinue partout, couvre les murs à la façon des anciennes fresques décoratives, et envahit aussi la presse politique quotidienne, où elle parvient très heureusement à remplacer les longues chroniques par des portraits ou des reproductions instantanées bien plus documentaires que les phrases d’un écrivain bavard.’

  11. Kropotkin, Paroles d’un Révolté(1885) ‘Narrate for us in your vivid style or fervent pictures the titanic struggles of the masses against their oppressors; inflame young hearts with the beautiful breath of revolution that inspired our ancestors... show the people the ugliness of contemporary life and make us see the cause of this ugliness. Tell us what a rational life would have been if it had not been blocked at each step by the ineptitude and ignominies of the present social order.’

  12. Camille Pissarro to Octave Mirbeau, 1 April 1892 ‘Je viens de lire le livre de Kropotkine. Il fautavouerdanstous les casc’est un beau rêve. Et comme nous avonseusouventl’exempled’utopiesdevenues des réalités, rien ne nous empêche de croirequece sera possible un jour, àmoinsquel’homme ne sombre et ne retourneà la barbariecomplète.’

  13. Anarchist press • In the provinces, there were anarchist newspapers such as L’Harmonie in Marseilles, La Mistoufle in Dijon and L’Insurgé in Lyons • In Paris, the five most important papers were Grave’s La Révolte and Les Temps nouveaux, Sébastien Faure’s Le Libertaire (1885–1914), Emile Pouget’sPèrePeinard, and GustaveHervé’sLa Guerre sociale.

  14. PèrePeinard (March 1893) • ‘Le Théâtre d’Art Social’ ‘Le théâtre! Voilà un riche moyen de semer les idées, nom de dieu. En effet, si mal bâtie que soit une pièce, elle a cette supériorité sur un bouquin ou un journal, c’est que le plus niguedouille saisit ce que l’auteur a voulu dire : y a pas besoin de se creuser la caboche, les idées vous défilent sous le nez, comme qui dirait toutes vivantes. Les gouvernements le savent foutre bien. Aussi, ils ont bougrement l’oeil sur les acteurs, les tiennent muselés et ne leur laissent ouvrir le bec que pour débiter des gnoleries.’

  15. Grave, Le Mouvementlibertaire(1930) • ‘Les anarchistes sérieux, au lieu de rejeter ce joli monde, dégoûtés, cessant de fréquenter la salle Horel, laissèrent mouchards et détraqués maîtres de la place, où ils formulèrent les pires idioties sous couleur d’anarchie. • Ce fut de là que sortit la première bande de faux monnayeurs se réclamant de l’anarchie. Les premières pièces de 5 francs qu’ils écoulèrent furent pour payer leur entrée à une réunion anarchiste organisée par les anarchistes. Inutile de dire qu’ils n’oublièrent pas de réclamer leur monnaie.’

  16. Anarchism on trial • Grave was imprisoned after articles criticizing government and army appeared in La Révolte. • He refused legal defence, was fined 100 francs and given a sentence of 6 months. In prison he wrote some of La Sociétémourante et l’anarchie. • Grave was also imprisoned in 1893–4 for having (it was claimed) encouraged violent revolution in La Sociétémourante. • He was brought out of prison to be tried in the ‘Trial of the Thirty’, but was given an excellent defence by Emile de Saint-Auban

  17. Violence in print: legitimate social criticism or revolution? • Should Grave be prosecuted for advocating violence in La Sociétémourante? • Emile de Saint-Auban argued that Grave was a serious thinker and that other writers such as Flaubert and Hugo had made tough social criticism in their works • Writers testified on behalf of Grave, including ÉliséeReclus, Octave Mirbeau and Bernard Lazare • Politician Georges Clemenceau argued that Grave had a right to criticize society

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