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Nekatere osnove

Nekatere osnove. Angleškega pogodbenega prava. Definition of a contract. A legally binding agreement some kind of agreement between two parties Not all agreements are contracts not all agreements are legally enforceable

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Nekatere osnove

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  1. Nekatere osnove Angleškega pogodbenega prava

  2. Definition of a contract • A legally binding agreement • some kind of agreement between two parties • Not all agreements are contracts • not all agreements are legally enforceable • legally enforceable means that a court will say that an agreement is a contract

  3. Agreement v. Contract Agreement Contract = + Legally enforceable

  4. Sorts of contracts • Parol (Simple) contracts • Made verbally or by actions • Contract in writing • Sale of land • Bills of exchange • Deeds • Conveyance of land

  5. Legal Effect • Valid contracts • Void contracts • Eg. mistake, illegality • Voidable contracts • Eg. misrepresentation • Unenforceable contracts • Valid agreements, but unenforceable (time limit)

  6. Contract • Parties' intention to be bound • Certainty as to terms • Offer and acceptance • Valuable consideration

  7. Volja • Reklame Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., 1893 • Gentlemen’s agreements (honour clause) Rose & Frank v. Crompton, 1923 Edwards v. Skyways, 1964

  8. Rose & Frank v. Crompton, 1923 • »This arrangement is not entered into nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement, and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts either of the United States or England, but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned, to which they honourably pledge themselves.«

  9. Online shopping – Argos (1999) • www.argos.co.uk • “Sony TV - £2.99” • Prava cena: £299 • Avtomatična naročil (= ponudba) potrditev po e-mailu (=sprejem) • Argos noče dobaviti, vendar ni bilo postopkov • Avgusta 2005 podobna napaka: TV za £ 0,49 • Vendar spremenjeni splošni pogoji prodaje • Pogodba sklenjena, ko se odpošlje blago

  10. Online shopping - Kodak (2002) • www.kodak.co.uk • Kamera z dodatki za £100 • Prava cena £329 • skoraj 5000 naročil • Spet avtomatična potrditev naročila • Kodak izpolni

  11. Gotovost • Dogovor o ključnih določbah • “price to be agreed” = predpogodba • Harvey v. Pratt, 1965 • Najem nepremičnine, nima začetnega datuma - ničnost • Veljavnost kljub nenatančnosti: • Nakup »približno 1000 ton« • Dobava »na ali okoli dogovorjenega datuma«. • Načelno soglasje – 2x založniška pogodba • Malcolm v. Oxford University, 1991 • Australian and New Zealand Banking v. Frost, 1989 (AUS)

  12. Gotovost • Pogojni dogovori • Without prejudice • Subject to contract • Letters of intent • B.S.C. v. Cleveland Bridge Co., 1984

  13. Letters of comfort • Kleinwort Benson Ltd. v. Malaysia Mining Corp., 1889 • »It is our policy to ensure that the business of (....) is at all times in a position to meet its liabilities to you under above arrangements.« • Commonwealth Bank of Australia v. TLI Management, 1990 (AUS) • »We confirm that the company will complete takeover arrangements …«

  14. Sklenitev pogodbe • Ponudba in sprejem • Soglasje volj • Conclusion by conduct • “I offer you …” ni nujno ponudba • Ponudba in vabilo k pogajanjem (offer to treat) • Quotation

  15. Ponudba • Ponudba in vabilo k pogajanjem/ponudbi • Trajanje ponudbe

  16. Preklic ponudbe • Preklicljivost (A) • Načelna preklicljivost (UCC, DK, NL) • “A firm offer for the purchase or sale of goods given by a merchant in a signed writing is not revocable for lack of consideration” (UCC, 2-205). • Načelna nepreklicljivost (D …)

  17. Sprejem • Protiponudba • Hyde v Wrench 1840 • Stevenson Mc Lean, 1880 "Please wire whether you would accept 40 for delivery over 2 months, if not, longest time limit."

  18. Northland Airliners Ltd. v. Dennis Ferranti Meters Ltd. [1970] 114 S.J. 845 (C.A.) • Seller:"Confirming sale to you GM aircraft for £ 27.000… , Please remit instalment of £ 5,000." • Buyer:"This is to confirm your cable and my purchase GM aircraft terms set out your cable … £5,000 sterling forwarded to your bank to be held in trust for your account pending delivery … Please confirm delivery to be made thirty days within this date."

  19. Battle of forms • Last shot theory • First shot theory • Kombinacija • Črtanje nasprotujočih si pogojev • Pogodba ni sklenjena

  20. Battle of forms • B.R.S. v Crutchley, 1967 • Butler Machine Tools Co. Ltd. v. Ex-Cell-O Corp. 1979 • “…on the terms and conditions stated therein” • Ferguson Shipbuilders v. Voith Hydro, 2000 (Schotland)

  21. ORDER FORM: “We want to order the …..” …… ……. Signed: the buyers “we accept your order on the terms and conditions stated therein” Signed: The sellers

  22. Consideration • Old definition: ”...something which is of some value in the eyeof the law, moving from the plaintiff; it may be some detriment tothe plaintiff or some benefit to the defendent, but at all events, itmust be moving from the plaintiff.” • Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 • New definition: ”…some right, interest, profit or benefit • accruing to one party, or some forebearance, detriment, loss orresponsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other...” • Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153 • ”... Price for which the promise is bought...” • Dunlop v Selfridge Ltd [1915] AC 847

  23. Gospodarske pogodbe • »In consideration of payment of the sum of € 10,000 the seller agrees to sell…« • »In consideration of the buyer´s promise to pay € 10,000 the seller agrees to sell…”

  24. Temeljna pravila • Consideration must not be past • Consideration must move from the promisee • Consideration must be sufficient

  25. Consideration must not be past • Executory • Executed • Past

  26. Consideration must not be past • Ruscorla v. Thomas,1842 • Re Casey’s Patents, 1892 • Pao On v. Lau,1979

  27. Consideration must move from the promisee • Pogodba v korist tretjega • Garancije • Collateral contract • Heilbut Symons v. Buckleton,1913 • Barry v. Davies 2000 • Wells v. Buckland Sand,1964 • Andrews v. Hopkins, 1965

  28. Section 2-318 UCC A seller’s warranty whether express or implied extends to any natural person who is in the family or household of his buyer or who is a guest in his home if it is reasonable to expect that such person may use, consume or be affected by the goods and who is injured in person by breach of the warranty. A seller may not exclude or limit the operation of this section.

  29. Consideration must be sufficient, not adequate • Obljuba izpolnitve obstoječe dolžnosti • White v. Bluett • Stilk v. Myrick,1809 • Williams v. Roffey, 1989 • Swain v. West, 1936 • Sprejem delnega plačila dolga • Foakes v. Beer, 1884 • Izjeme

  30. Privity of contract • Beswick v. Beswick, 1967 • Adler v. Dickson,1954

  31. Izjeme • Contracts (Rights of third Parties) Act 1999 • Direktiva 1999/44 • Zavarovanje • Property Act 1925 (nepremičnine) • Carriage of Goods by the Sea Act (1992) • Patent Act (1977) • Agency • Assignment • The Albazero, 1976

  32. Izjeme • Letter of credit • Trusts • Quasi-contracts • Shamia v. Joory, 1958 • Greenwood v. Bennett ,1972 • Restrictive covenants • “kvalitativne” pravice glede nepremičnin • Hire-purchase (rabokup…)

  33. Estoppel • Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd., 1947 • Combe v. Combe, 1951 • “Estoppel is a shield, but not a sword.” (Denning) • Avon County Council v. Howlett, 1983 • Banning v. Wright • Ajayi v Briscoe,1964 (Privy Council) • Brikom v. Carr, 1979

  34. Proprietary estoppel • Crabb v. Arun District Council, 1975 • Durant v. Heritage, 1994 • Premičnine?

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