1 / 31

Special Establishing Operations

Special Establishing Operations. Ch 10. AGGRESSION. Pain-established aggression Extinction-established aggression. Pain-established aggression in humans. Hit thumb with hammer Throw hammer against wall Cursing. Pain-established aggression in other animals.

kairos
Download Presentation

Special Establishing Operations

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Special Establishing Operations Ch 10

  2. AGGRESSION • Pain-established aggression • Extinction-established aggression

  3. Pain-established aggression in humans • Hit thumb with hammer • Throw hammer against wall • Cursing

  4. Pain-established aggression in other animals • Azrin, Hutchinson, & Hake (1966) • 2 rats in a chamber – mild aversive shock • Animals rear and begin to attack each other • When shock stopped, they stop fighting

  5. Extinction-established aggression in humans?

  6. Extinction-established aggression in pigeons • 2 Pigeons, 1 free to peck key (A), the other restrained (B) • Pigeon A pecks key –> each peck is followed by grain –> ignores pigeon B • Then grain stops coming • What does pigeon A do with respect to pigeon B???????

  7. Aversive Conditions as Establishing Operations Before: No aggression reinforcers Behavior: Aggression After: Aggression reinforcers ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Pain or extinction

  8. Aggression Reinforcers? • The results of the aggression itself serve as reinforcers • Feel of throwing the hammer • Sound of it’s hitting the wall • Feel and sound of shouting • Pressure on teeth and claws (rat) • Pressure on beak and wings (pigeon)

  9. General Case Aversive-Condition-Established Reinforcement Contingency Behavior: Aggressive Behavior Before: No agg reinforcers After: Agg reinforcers ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Pain or extinction

  10. Human Being Pain-Established Reinforcement Contingency After: ????? Before: Sid has no aggression reinforcers Behavior: Sid throws hammer, curses ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Sid’s thumb really hurts

  11. Rat Pain-Established Reinforcement Contingency Before: Rat has no pressure on teeth, claws Behavior: Rat bites & scratches After: Rat has pressure on teeth & claws ESTABLISHING OPERATION ??????

  12. Human Being Extinction-Established Reinforcement Contingency Behavior: Sid throws temper tantrum After: Sid has aggression reinforcers Before: ???? ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Extinction of computer behavior

  13. Pigeon Extinction-Established Reinforcement Contingency Before: Pigeon has no pressure on its beak & wings Behavior: Pigeon attacks another pigeon After: ?????? ESTABLISHING OPERATION ???????

  14. Pigeon Extinction-Established Reinforcement Contingency Before: Pigeon has no victim to aggress against Behavior: Pigeon pecks victim access key After: Pigeon has victim to aggress againts ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive condition: Pigeon’s food key pecks are extinguished

  15. Aggression reinforcer • Stimuli resulting from acts of aggression

  16. Aggression principle • Aversive stimuli and extinction are establishing operations for aggression reinforcers

  17. Why don’t we aggress all the time?

  18. Is there evidence of a mental health benefit to letting off steam? • Page 170 • Poetic metaphor for making aggression reinforcers more effective • Problem: People act as if this metaphor is real • No evidence that aggression has a mental health benefit for the aggressor • Aggression is usually harmful and dysfunctional

  19. Passive Aggression? • Aversive stimulation establishes aggression as a reinforcer almost too sweet to resist, especially when you can make the aggression so subtle the victim barely detects that it’s happening.

  20. Passive aggression, cont • The victim can’t put a label on it, can’t point an accusing finger. And better yet, even the perpetrator of the aggression can’t self-criticize because the aggression is too subtle even for him or her to detect.

  21. In other words, • Often we’re not only unaware of why we aggress, but we’re even unaware that we are aggressing.

  22. Passive aggression Behavior: Dawn asks Sid an embarrassing question After: Dawn has vagg reinforcer Before: Dawn has no vagg reinforcer ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Dawn receives an aversively sweaty kiss

  23. Passive aggression Behavior: Sid describes his great run After: Sid has vagg reinforcer Before: Sid has no vagg reinforcer ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Sid receives aversive question

  24. Drug Addiction • What maintains drug abuse, the presentation of a reinforcer or the reduction of an aversive condition? • Addictive reinforcers are unlearned reinforcers prior to addiction • Is suffering necessary? No • A monkey will press a lever that produces a shot of morphine. PERIOD.

  25. Addictive Reinforcer • A reinforcer for which repeated exposure is an establishing operation – repeated exposure increases value • Dangerous drugs: heroin, morphine, cocaine, speed, barbiturates, alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, caffeine, rock & roll

  26. Escape from pain Behavior: P. pushes button After: P. has less pain Before: Patient has pain Before: No injection Behavior: P. pushes button After: P. has morphine injection ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Patient suffers pain

  27. Escape from poverty Before: Person suffers from poverty Behavior: P. Shoots up After: P. Suffers less from poverty Before: P. Has no heroin Behavior: P. Shoots up After: P. Has heroin ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Person suffers from poverty Life is psychologically unbearable, taking heroin reduces aversiveness.

  28. Escape from withdrawal Behavior: P. requests morphine After: P. has less intense withdrawal Before: Patient has withdrawal Before: No injection Behavior: P. pushes button After: P. has morphine injection ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Patient suffers withdrawal

  29. Escape from pain Behavior: P. pushes button Before: Patient has no morphine injection After: P. has a morphine injections ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Patient suffers from withdrawal

  30. Pure Pleasure of Drugs Behavior: Monkey presses lever After: Monkey has morphine injection Before: Monkey has no injection ESTABLISHING OPERATION Aversive Condition: Monkey has not had morphine

  31. Addictive Reinforcer • A reinforcer for which repeated exposure is an establishing operation – repeated exposure increases value • Dangerous drugs: heroin, morphine, cocaine, speed, barbiturates, alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, caffeine, rock & roll

More Related