ADDERALL (the study drug)

1. ADDERALL (the study drug) • What is it? • History • Effects and Uses • Concerns • Future Plans

2. What exactly is it? • Proclaimed by some students to be the wonder drug, but controversy is rising • Amphetamine combination used to treat (ADHD) & other disorders; popular college study tool • Racemic stereoisomers; dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, & I-amphetamine asperate salts mixed in 3:1 ratio • Amphetamine - is basically speed • Meth-amphetamine - amphetamine with additional methyl group attached to its nitrogen (amine group) • Amphetamines • First synthesized; Germany 1887 • In 1932, amphetamine was marketed as Benzedrine in over-the-counter inhaler to treat nasal congestion • In 1935 physicians successfully used it to treat narcolepsy • 1950s, legal manufactureing dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) & methamphetamine (Methedrine) used non medically by college students, truck drivers, and athletes. • In 1971, there were 31 amphetamine preparations being distributed by 15 pharmaceutical companies. Legal production over 12 billion pills / year. • For a 10 mg Tablet • 2.5 mg Dextroamphetamine Saccharate • 2.5 mg Amphetamine Aspartate • 2.5 Dextroamphetamine Sulfate • 2.5 mg Amphetamine Sulfate

3. Adderall History • Originally marketed in 1960; NDA 11-522 filed for approval for Obesity; Rexar Pharmaceuticals distributed Obetrol till 1973, when FDA withdrew application for failed blind study test • Rexar continued distribution low-scale till sold 20 years later • Richwood Pharmaceuticals purchased Rexar, changed it’s named to Adderal; sold it for ADHD • FDA reapproved the drug in 1996 after tests were performed • Acquisition of Richwood Pharmaceuticals to Shire brought rights of Adderall • Shire founded in 1986 in UK by four entrepreneurs (Dennis Stephens, Harry Stratford, Peter Moriarty, and Geoff Hall) • Popularity sores - continues to increase on college campuses • 2003; Adderall XR introduced, a slow release form of original pill • 2005; Canada suspends marketing of Adderall XR due to SUD among children

4. Experienced Effects EFFECTS Positive: Increased alertness, motivation, and talkativeness Mood shift in Positive direction Appetite suppressor; helps in Obesity cases Used to treat depression Negative: Increased aggressiveness & paranoia Increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Withdrawal symptoms: Exhaustion and Insomnia if overdone or at night Addiction in long term use Neutral: Flushes the body; diarrhea & dryness of mouth Dilates pupils • There is significant improvement in the perfusion to the superior cortical surface of the Brain. • Note the marked decrease in perfusion to the surface of the Brain when the patient is doing a concentration task not on Adderall. The yellow and green colors show significant decreased activity in the top surface of the Brain.

5. Concerns • Those who shouldn’t take it • Heart defects – have been linked to supraventricular tachycardia • Overactive thyroid • Glaucoma • Blood vessel diseases • Nursing Mother’s – drugs get transferred in excreted milk • Due to tolerance build up increased dosages can lead to dependency • May cause existing mental illness's to worsen and possible psychosis; 10 or 11 recent cases • Most were on adderall for longer than 3 years • Other amphetamine drugs have proven to stunt bone growth • Alcohol mixtures can be dangerous - alcohol is a (CNS) suppressant • Never take with any Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors • could cause coma or Seizures • MAOI drugs include Nardil (phenelzine sulfate), Parnate (tranylcypromine sulfate), Marplan (isocarboxid),

6. The Future • Amphetamines and their cousins will continue to be around • Ignorance; A mixture w/a different name inevitably introduced as new • College students will always find some substitute similar • Now approved legally; Adderall production of course continued • ADHD continues to be diagnosed • Illegally people have & will continue to make and abuse amphetamines