The Washington Presidency: 1789-1797

1. The Washington Presidency: 1789-1797 The First President The First Congress Hamilton’s Plan The First Political Parties http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

2. Washington: “A Man Above Party” • Unanimous Election • His Inauguration • Salary, Title and Public Appearances • Washington’s Cabinet • His Popularity as a Problem • Judiciary Act of 1789 • First Tariff (1789) http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

3. Washington’s Cabinet http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

4. Washington’s Cabinet: 1789 • Vice President: John Adams • Cabinet Departments- • Secretary of War: Henry Knox • Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Attorney General: Edmund Randolph http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

5. Alexander Hamilton http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

6. First Congress • Judiciary Act of 1789: 13 federal Court districts • 3 circuit courts, 6 supreme court justices, John Jay • James Madison: Speaker of the House • Tariff Act of 1789: 5% duty on imports • Bill of Rights • Modeled after George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights • 1st: Freedom of speech & religion • 2nd: Right to bear arms 4th: No unreasonable search and seizures 5th: Due process clause, no self incrimination 7th: Right to a speedy trial by jury http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

7. Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists • Strong central government • Admired of the British • High tariff- internal improvement • Wants wealthy people tied to the new nation (bank) • Loose construction or interpretation of Constitution • Army and navy http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

8. The Federalists • Hamilton & Adams • Trusted elite • graft/corruption not that bad (the nature of things) • Promote manufacturing & commerce • Pro British • Bank of the United States (BUS) http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

9. Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans • Jefferson’s Background • Admirer of the French • Envisions Agrarian Republic • More optimistic about common man • Opposed to large national government • Strict Interpretation of the Constitution http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

10. Jeffersonian Republicans • Jefferson & Madison • Trusted the common man • Agricultural economy: yeoman farmer • Pro French: pro French Revolution • State’s rights, local rule • Low Tariff, low internal improvements • BUS is unconstitutional and a bad idea • No standing army http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

11. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Report on Public Credit (January, 1790) --Pay face value of all bonds (funding) $54m • Pay all state debt (assumption) $20m • Deal made with Jefferson to trade assumption for creating a national capital in the South • Report on a National Bank • Create the BUS (20% gov. owned) • “necessary and proper clause” • Safe place to keep funds, source of cheap and emergency credit, efficient way to transfer wealth across nation with paper instead of metals • Report on Manufactures (December 1791) • High tariff: protect manufacturing & bring in revenue for internal improvements http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT http://www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p13/p13_3Large.jpg

12. Debate over the Constitutionality of Hamilton’s Plan • Divided Cabinet • Hamilton argued that the use of a bank to manage the public credit is covered by the elastic clause and the powers granted Congress under Article One Section 8 • Jefferson argued that any power not explicitly granted to Congress is reserved to the states and the people • Since this was an issue dealing with the Treasury and the Cabinet was divided, Washington sided with Hamilton.

13. Thomas Jefferson “To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take a possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition.” Alexander Hamilton “This criterion in the end, to which the measure relates as a mean. If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, collecting taxes and regulating the currency, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority.”

14. Foreign Affairs • French Revolution: GW neutral • Citizen Genet: raises money for pirates • Jay’s Treaty: Britain will remove forts, new trade treaty, Britain will pay for ships when America pays Tory debt. But they did not stop impressment, nor recognize American neutrality. Republicans mad. http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

15. War in Europe • The French Revolution and War with the British --1778 Alliance with France: valid or not? • Federalists—Great Britain • Republicans—France http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

16. War in Europe (cont) • The visit of Edmond Genet (April, 1793) • U.S. adopts neutral foreign policy • British continue occupation of northwest forts and close French ports in the West Indies to American ships http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

17. What was Jay’s Treaty?

18. Jay’s Treaty • GB promised to evacuate Great Lakes/Northwest territory forts • Reparation for seizure of American ships and cargo • New US-GB trade agreement negotiated • No compensation for confiscated slaves during the war • US gov’t promised to pay unpaid prewar debts owed to British merchants • No promise to stop impressment of American sailors • Extremely unpopular treaty • Almost not ratified by the Senate http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

19. Pinckney’s Treaty1796 As the Jay Treaty created a stronger relationship between the US and GB, the Spanish were fearful that they would soon be kicked out of Florida. To remedy this concern, they signed Pinckney’s Treaty which; 1. Granted the US the right to navigate the Mississippi and deposit goods at New Orleans 2. Set the Northern boundary of Florida at the 31st parallel. Thomas Pinckney http://www.wccs.k12.in.us/cchs/staff/tarmstrong_files/US%20History%20Powerpoints/Chapter%204%20Powerpoint.ppt#271,16,Indian Relations

20. Indian Relations As Americans move West of the Appalachians, conflicts with Indians become more common. In 1790 (against Josiah Harmer) and in 1791 Arthur St. Clair) Little Turtle (Miami Chief) led a successful campaigns against US troops. In response, President Washington sends 3000 American soldiers under the command of Gen. Anthony Wayne. “Mad Anthony” Wayne carefully drilled and prepared his army. Little Turtle advocated negoations and was removed from leadership. Wayne’s army defeated the Miami Confedaracy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Following the battle, several American Indian leaders sign the Treaty of Greenville. In the treaty the NAs gave up control of much of the land East of the Mississippi River in exchange for yearly payments of $10,000. The treaty opens the door for settlers to move into the Ohio Valley Region. General Anthony Wayne Miami Chief Little Turtle http://www.wccs.k12.in.us/cchs/staff/tarmstrong_files/US%20History%20Powerpoints/Chapter%204%20Powerpoint.ppt#271,16,Indian Relations

21. What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

22. Whiskey Rebellion • a 25% excise tax on all liquor sold in the United States. This tax was vehemently opposed by farmers in the western areas of all states south of New York because they relied upon producing whiskey for their livelihoods. This was because transporting grain, as liquor was much easier to transport than as grain. • Whiskey Rebellion: Pennsylvania farmers refuses to pay new tax. GW sends 15,000 troops to down mob. http://wa.essortment.com/whiskeyrebellio_rzjj.htm http://www.austincc.edu/eyoung/Docs/US%20History%20I%20Lect%2012~.ppt

23. Washington’s Farewell Address (September 1796) • Timing of the Address and the Political Controversy surrounding it • Warned against political factions • Warned against entangling foreign alliances • Washington ends second term with popularity and prestige diminished—no longer seen as a man above politics http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

24. The Presidency of John Adams • The Election of 1796 • Adams’ political background • Jefferson as Adams’ Vice-president • Keeps Washington’s Cabinet that remains more loyal to Hamilton http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

25. What was the XYZ Affair?

26. The XYZ Affair • U.S. relations with France deteriorated after Jay’s Treaty • The XYZ Affair (1798) • Demand for a bribe and a large loan to even begin diplomacy with France (common practice of the day) • American outrage: “millions for defense but not one cent for tribute” http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

27. The “Quasi-War” • Federalists press for a larger army • Adams strengthens U.S. Navy from 3 to 33 ships by 1799 -- U.S.S. Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) most famous • new navy begins clashing with French ships in an undeclared naval war • Adams resists a declaration of War against France • War averted during negotiations with a new government headed by Napoleon http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

28. Alien and Sedition Acts • First crisis in American history endangering American civil liberties • The Alien Acts • The Sedition Act • Violence in Congress and the possibility of insurrection • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions http://www.apfn.net/MESSAGEBOARD/07-02-04/tjalien.jpg RAISING CANE: A fight in Congress in 1798 over the Sedition Act. http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

29. Democratic-Republicans Gain Ground • The role of partisan newspapers in the political turmoil --Federalist Gazette of the United States --Republican National Gazette • Democratic-Republican Clubs http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc136.jpg http://users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H105g.PPT

30. On to the presidential election of 1800