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Key Concepts:

Key Concepts:. Organic compounds have carbon atoms to which hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other atoms are attached Cells put together large biological molecules from smaller organic compounds Glucose and other simple sugars are carbohydrates. Key Concepts:.

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Key Concepts:

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  1. Key Concepts: • Organic compounds have carbon atoms to which hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other atoms are attached • Cells put together large biological molecules from smaller organic compounds • Glucose and other simple sugars are carbohydrates

  2. Key Concepts: • Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides • Lipids dissolve in nonpolar compounds • Lipids include neutral fats, phospholipids, waxes, and sterols • Cells use carbohydrates and lipids as building blocks and as their major energy source

  3. Key Concepts: • Proteins have diverse roles forming structures, enzymes, transporters, body defenses, and help in movement • ATP is crucial in metabolism • DNA and RNA are the basis of inheritance and reproduction

  4. Properties of Organic Compounds • Molecules of “life” • Organic compounds • One or more elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms

  5. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior • Versatile bonding/gregarious • Covalent bonds • Stable bonds • Functional Groups

  6. Functional Groups

  7. How Cells Build Organic Compounds • Five Classes of Reactions • Functional-group transfer • Electron transfer • Rearrangement • Condensation/dehydration synthesis • Cleavage/hydrolysis

  8. How Cells Build Organic Compounds • Enzymes • Mediate different reactions • Speed up the rate

  9. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions Condensation Hydrolysis

  10. quiz • Name the two main chemical reactions that make and break organic molecules • What molecule is inserted/removed? • Why are enzymes important? • What are the 4 organic molecule groups?

  11. Carbohydrates • Simple sugars • Monosaccharides • 6 Carbon sugars • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • 5 Carbon sugars • Deoxyribose • Ribose

  12. Carbohydrates • Short-chained Carbohydrates • Disaccharides • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose • Formed by condensation reactions

  13. Carbohydrates • Complex • Polysaccharides • Starch • Cellulose • Glycogen • Chitin Cellulose Amylose Glycogen

  14. Carbohydrates Amylose Cellulose Bonding patterns between glucose monomers in cellulose and amylose

  15. Scanning Electron Micrographof a Tick Chitin reinforced cuticle

  16. QUIZ • Carbohydrates are made of…? • List several uses for carbs • List three levels of carbohydrate complexity • What are isomers…why are they important?

  17. Hydrocarbons Water insoluble Reservoirs of energy Structural materials Cell membrane Types of Lipids Neutral fats Phospholipids Waxes Sterols Lipids

  18. Fatty Acids • In Hydrocarbons • Carboxyl group (- COOH) • Unsaturated • One or more double bonds • Saturated • Single bonds

  19. Triglycerides • Neutral fats • Three fatty acids and a glycerol • Condensation Reactions • Body’s mostabundant lipid • Functions • Energy reservoir • Insulation

  20. Triglyceride-Protected Penguins

  21. Phospholipids and Sterols • Phospholipids • Incell membranes • Two layers of lipids • Glycerol backbone • Two fatty acids • Hydrophobic tail • Phosphate group • Hydrophilic head

  22. Sterols • Sterols • No fatty acid tails • Four carbon rings • In eukaryotic cell membranes • Cholesterol in animal tissues • Vitamin D • Steroids (hormones) • Bile salts

  23. Cholesterol

  24. Waxes • Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings • Cover plant parts • Help conserve water • Fend off parasites • Animals • Protect • Lubricate • Pliability to skin and hair • Repel water

  25. QUIZ • What is a triglyceride? • List three kinds of lipids • What is meant by hydrophobic?? • Why is the above important? • List three uses for lipids in biological systems

  26. Amino Acids and the Primary Structure of Proteins • Proteins can be used for • Enzymes • Structures • Transport • Nutritious (energy calories) • Hormones • Immune system • Made from a pool of 20 amino acids

  27. Structure of Amino Acids • Central carbon atom • An amino group • A carboxyl group • A hydrogen atom • One or more atoms “R Group”

  28. Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

  29. Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

  30. Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

  31. Peptide Bond Formation During Protein Synthesis Primary Structure

  32. Second Level of Protein Structure • Hydrogen bonds • Helical coiling • Sheetlike pattern

  33. Third Level of Protein Structure • Additional folding of secondary structure • R Group interactions • Hydrogen bonds • Disulfide bridges

  34. Fourth Level of Protein Structure • Two or more polypeptide chains joined by • Weak bonds (Hydrogen bonds) • Covalent bonds between sulfur atoms and R groups • Collagen • Keratin • Hemoglobin

  35. Third and Fourth Level Structures

  36. Structure of Hair • Keratin • Fibrous structural protein

  37. Permanent Wave of Hair

  38. Building material • Protein + carbohydrate= exoskeleton • Chitin is almost indigestible, though • Waterproof and flexible

  39. Structural Changes by Denaturation • Disruption of three-dimensional shape of protein • Changes in temperature and pH • Loss of function • Some proteins have organic compounds attached • Glycoproteins • Lipoproteins

  40. QUIZ • Which protein structural level/s (1-4) is biologically active? • How many amino acids are there? • How many kinds of proteins are there? • Why are proteins important? • Can you use proteins for energy?

  41. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides • Sugar • Ribose or Deoxyribose • Phosphate group • Bases • Single or double carbon rings with nitrogen • In DNA and RNA • ATP

  42. The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in DNA

  43. DNA • Double strand of nucleotides • Twisted helically • Hydrogen bonds • Genetic information • Protein synthesis • RNA

  44. In Conclusion • Organic compounds have elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms • Living cells assemble organic compounds • The building blocks are amino acids, nucleotides, simple sugars, and fatty acids called monomers assembled into polymers • Complex carbohydrates are energy storage forms and structural materials

  45. In Conclusion • Lipids are used as energy storage and structural components • Proteins are made of amino acids which form structures, enzymes, transport, movement, and are part of the immune system • Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance and reproduction • developed by M. Roig

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