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Age of Reforms

Age of Reforms. Liberal Reforms in Great Britain and its Empire. Reforms of the 1800’s. Liberals helped enact numerous reforms to protect individuals’ political and civil liberties. Reforms focused on: Suffrage : the rite to vote Correcting social and economic problems

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Age of Reforms

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  1. Age of Reforms Liberal Reforms in Great Britain and its Empire

  2. Reforms of the 1800’s • Liberals helped enact numerous reforms to protect individuals’ political and civil liberties. Reforms focused on: • Suffrage: the rite to vote • Correcting social and economic problems • Abolition of slavery and slave trade. • Voting Restrictions • The only people who could vote owned property. • Voted in open (Bribes or Intimidation) • Only men who owned a lot of property could be member of the House of Commons. • No Catholics, Jews, or Dissenters could hold office.

  3. Reform Bill of 1832 • Catholic Emancipation Act: allowed Roman Catholics to serve in Parliament if they recognized Protestant monarch as ruler of Great Britain. • Reform Bill of 1832: took seats in House of Commons away from less populated areas and gave them to industrial cities. • People with less property could vote • Liberal Party is formed: mix of Tory and Whigs • Conservative Party: Tory Party of wealthy landowners

  4. Economic Changes • Factory Act of 1833: reforming horrible working conditions of women and children. • Slavery was abolished in all British colonies. • Free public education • Eliminated Unpopular Corn Laws: • Taxes on grain imported by Britain enabling landowners to sell their grain at high prices. • High prices or starve

  5. Chartist Movement • William Lovett demanded universal male suffrage and secret ballot. • People’s Charter: • Universal mall suffrage and secret ballot • Electoral districts redrawn in order to equalize parliamentary representation. • Salaries for members of Parliament • Supporters of Lovett were called Chartists • Chartist Movement in long run • Doubled the number of British voters • Most urban and industrial workers could Now vote (women cannot).

  6. Queen Victoria: queen for 63 years (Victorian Age) • Gave prime ministers free hand (Did not interfere) They were: • Benjamin Disraeli: twice served as prime minister • Guiding foreign affairs and expanding Britain’s empire. • Second term, gained control of Suez Canal (Empress of India). • William Gladstone: served four terms as prime minister • Concerned with domestic and financial affairs • Education Act of 1870: national elementary education system for a small fee and free by 1891. • Began to use secret ballot • Voting districts redrawn

  7. Reforms of the 1900’s • Fabin Society: improve society through social ideas and education. • Helped workers with frustration with liberal and conservatives • Herbert Asquith: prime minister and member of liberal party (1905). • Set up old-age pensions, health insurance, and unemployment insurance. • Suffragettes: women who campaigned for their right to vote. • Emmeline Pankhurst: leader of Suffragettes • Petitioned Parliament and demonstrated • Not won until WW1.

  8. Other Areas of the British Empire Canada: • 1830’s, a depression, unemployment, and crop failures led to failed uprisings. • Lord Durham: broad powers to reform Canada government • Keep colonies in Empire but grant them self-government • British Upper Canada and French Lower Canada • North America Act in 1867: creating Dominion of Canada with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. • Purchased Northwest Territories making Manitoba a province • Yukon Territory: Gold • Pacific Railway=immigration=Alberta and Saskatchewan

  9. Australia • Used as penal colony • Convicts who served sentences could stay in Australia and own land. • 1800’s: lawless Australia (Immigrants, ex-con’s, and gangs clashed). • Death due to diseases from Europeans • British claimed entire continent in 1829.

  10. New Zealand • Maori: original inhabitants of New Zealand • Signed a treaty with British which gave them control • British Parliament granted New Zealand a constitution (Self-governing colony). • Hurt by European settlement due to: • Fights over land • Warfare and disease • Discovery of gold (Brought immigrants) • 1st country in world to grand women Right to vote.

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