CH. 11-5 THE FINAL PHASE

1. CH. 11-5 THE FINAL PHASE AMERICAN HISTORY

2. GRANT VERSUS LEE • March 1864—Lincoln names Grant commander of all Union armies • William Tecumseh Sherman replaces Grant as commander of the western front • South hopes Lincoln will be defeated for re-election in 1864 • Grant instructs Sherman to “inflict all the damage you can against their war resources.”

3. THE WILDERNESS AND SPOTSYLVANIA • May 1864—Battle of the Wilderness (near Chancellorsville) 100,000 Union vs. 61,000 confederates • Grant had twice the casualties as Lee but they pushed south. Moral rose in the Union • 11-day clash of battles known as The Battle of Spotsylvania • Casualties (May 5-12)—Union 32,000; Confederates 18,000

4. COLD HARBOR AND PETERSBURG • Early June 1864—The Battle of Cold Harbor • Union suffers 7,000 casualties in the first 30 minutes • Union failed to capture Petersburg (a rail center for southern supplies) • Lee was content to dig in his troops and wait for the November election

5. SHERMAN ON THE MOVE • Sherman marched from Chattanooga toward Atlanta • Sherman’s 100,000 men slowed but not stopped by 60,000 confederates • Mid-July 1864 Union only 8 miles from Atlanta • July 20 & 22, 1864—Battles of Peachtree Creek and Atlanta—South loses ¼ of its army

6. Sherman captured the final rail line into Atlanta • South abandons Atlanta September 1, 1864 and the Union entered the city

7. CONFEDERATE HOPES FADE • Election of 1864—Democrats choose General George McClellan; Republicans stay with Lincoln (new V-P Dem. Andrew Johnson) • Lincoln thought he would lose the election • Sherman’s capture of Atlanta changed the outcome in Lincoln’s favor • Congress passed the XIIIth Amendment ending slavery in the USA on January 31, 1865

8. THE WAR COMES TO AN END • SHERMAN’S MARCH • Sherman remained in Atlanta until after the election • Then he sent 60,000 troops on a “march to the sea” from Atlanta to Savannah • Troops burned Atlanta as they left • The swath of destruction was 300 miles long and 50-60 miles wide • Soldiers slaughters livestock, destroyed crops, tore up railroad tracks, and looted homes and businesses

9. Dec. 10, 1864—Sherman’s troops arrived in Savannah and laid siege to the city • 10,000 southern defenders slipped away • Dec. 21, 1864—Union troops enter the city and sent Lincoln a telegraph giving him a Christmas present of the city of Savannah. • January 1865--Sherman’s troops did major damage to private homes in South Carolina

10. THE FALL OF RICHMOND • Sherman’s army joined Grant at Petersburg • They hoped to surround Lee • Lee’s troops were low on supplies • Grant broke through Lee’s defenses on April 2, 1865 • Confederate leaders fled Richmond • Grant entered on April 3, 1865

11. Lee tried to escape with 13,000 troops and meet up with another force further south. • Grant caught up to and surrounded Lee at Appomattox Court House, VA • Lee decided to surrender • SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX • Lee and Grant met in a house on April 9, 1865

12. They chatted about their service together as young officers in the Mexican-American War • Grant presented the terms of surrender • Lee’s troops needed to turn over their weapons and leave. • Grant offered food for Lee’s starving troops • Lee told his troops to go home and resume their lives and occupations

13. Abraham Lincoln was shot at Ford’s Theater in Washington, DC on April 14, 1865 and died the next day. • The last of the confederate forces surrendered on May 26, 1865

14. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR • CAUSES • 1) conflicts over slavery and states’ rights • 2) Lincoln’s election as president • 3) the secession of southern states • 4) the attack on Fort Sumter

15. EFFECTS • 1) The end of slavery • 2) More than 600,000 deaths • 3) Physical and economic devastation of the South