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REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST

REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST. The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST. INSTRUCTIONS: G o through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question .

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REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST

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  1. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation

  2. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

  3. When the Middle Ages ended, an era called the Renaissance (1300s to the 1600s) began Renaissance means “rebirth”; what was being reborn were the ideas of Classical Greece and Rome, which had been mostly forgotten in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire

  4. The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages and gave rise to the Renaissance

  5. During the Renaissance, as those Greco-Roman ideas made a comeback, Western Europe experienced a greatincrease of trade, art, and learning Wealthy patrons like the Medici family in Florence funded the artists of the Renaissance, paying them well to create magnificent art

  6. The Renaissance was led by a group of scholars and artists called “humanists”; they placed human beings, rather than God and religion, at the center of their world-view Humanists emphasized the importance of human potential and achievement

  7. Florence was home to the Medici family, one of the wealthiest families in Europe; they made their fortune through banking People like the Medici were the wealthy patrons who funded the Renaissance

  8. The Crusades were a series of failed holy wars started by the Catholic Church and fought by Medieval lords and knights; the Crusades helped end feudalism when those lords and knights lost money, land, and power while fighting the Crusades

  9. Another reason for the decline of feudalism was the spread of the Plague, also known as the Black Death

  10. From 1337 to 1453, England and France began a series of conflicts over territory that would be called the Hundred Years War ENGLAND FRANCE • During the war, nationalism (loyalty to one’s nation) increased as people became more loyal to their king and nation, rather than their local lords

  11. During the Hundred Years War, new military weapons decreased the power of knights as an elite fighting force; this also helped end feudalism

  12. New weapons such as cannons, crossbows, and longbows decreased the importance of knights

  13. A side effect of the Crusades was the increase of European demand for luxury goods from Asia

  14. Effects of the Crusades They increased desires for luxury goods like silk, cotton, sugar, and spices From the Silk Road trade routes, Europe was introduced to many new things They introduced technologies like compass, astrolabe, ship designs, and gunpowder They introduced ideas like Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, and telescopes

  15. Increased trade gave rise to several wealthy Italian city-states The most important Italian city-state was Florence; in this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began

  16. This map demonstrates an effect of the increase of trade: towns and cities began to grow in Europe

  17. “Classicism”: The humanist artists of the Renaissance focused on the cultural achievements of the Greeks and Romans Ancient Greek art and Renaissance art both emphasized realism and perfecting the human form Renaissance Greek

  18. New styles and techniques of Renaissance art Perspective: using perspective in paintings allows an artist to create an illusion of depth

  19. Leonardo da Vinci The ultimate “Renaissance man” was Leonardo da Vinci; this was because he was skilled at many different things He was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, scientist, alchemist, musician, anatomist, map-maker, and writer

  20. Donatello Donatello’s “David” was the first large, free-standing sculpture of the Renaissance that could be viewed from all sides since the Roman times

  21. Leonardo da Vinci’s greatest masterpiece was the “Mona Lisa”, which was known for its emotion, detail, and depth

  22. These are images from da Vinci’s notebooks, showing his studies of the human body

  23. Michelangelo Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, “Pieta” and “David”, are considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well-known for the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

  24. Michelangelo Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, “Pieta” and “David”, are considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well-known for the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

  25. A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism During the Renaissance, the humanists focused on the importance of the individual Social status was based on wealth you earned and your ability, not birthright

  26. Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi was Florence’s greatest architect When he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence, he was inspired by Rome’s classical architecture

  27. Some of Machiavelli’s ideas about politics: (1) to be a successful ruler, a prince must be willing to be feared over being loved (2) A ruler should do anything necessary to remain in power (lie, steal, cheat, or kill) (4) Machiavelli wrote that the ends (achieving a goal) justifies the means (actions taken to achieve that goal) (3) He wrote that rulers should do what works best, not necessarily what is good or moral “The Prince” was a very influential book

  28. Dismayed at the corruption of the Catholic Church he served, Erasmus wrote “In Praise of Folly”, which sharply criticized the abuses of Church leaders and called for reform of the Catholic Church

  29. Renaissance Writers: Dante The influential writer Dante wrote about real people in his lengthy poem “The Divine Comedy”; he also wrote it in the “vernacular”, which is common everyday speech

  30. In the Middle Ages, writings focused on God and religion; the Renaissance focused on secular (non-religious) matters

  31. The Causes of the Reformation SOCIAL CAUSES: the Renaissance values of humanism and new ideas in art, literature, and science led to the questioning of religion POLITICAL CAUSES: powerful monarchs challenged the Church’s authority ECONOMIC CAUSES: princes and kings were envious of the Catholic Church’s wealth RELIGIOUS CAUSES: corruption among Church officials and in the Church’s practices (such as selling indulgences) led to calls for reform

  32. Corruption of the Catholic Church There were many ways that the Catholic Church was also growing corrupt: (1) Priests were hypocritical in their actions, often having mistresses and fathering children; this is against Church rules (2) Rather than be educated, priests would buy their way into getting their jobs

  33. Corruption of the Catholic Church The most corrupt Church practice was the selling of indulgences (“indulgence” is reducing the penalty for a sin) At first, indulgences were given out by the Church when people did good works However, the Church began giving indulgences in exchange for money

  34. Martin Luther Martin Luther’s belief that salvation was gained only through having faith in God was called “Justification by Faith” Martin Luther strongly disagreed with the Church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation

  35. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against Church practices called the “Ninety-Five Theses” Thanks to the printing press, the “Ninety-Five Theses” spread through Europe, causing an incredible controversy

  36. Martin Luther’s actions led to the Protestant Reformation, which was a movement to reform the practices of the Catholic Church; this led to new versions of Christianity The Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches still shared the basic ideas of Christianity, though (such as belief in Jesus and the Bible)

  37. Henry needed a son to pass the crown to; he wanted to divorce Catherine and marry a younger queen, who could bear him more children The problem is that divorce is not permitted in the Catholic Church, and the pope refused his request for a divorce

  38. King Henry VIII of England, not the Pope, became the head of his own Church of England (later called Anglicanism)

  39. Out of the numerous reformers, one of the most influential was John Calvin Calvin believed in pre-destination: God already knows who will be saved (the saved ones are called “the elect”) and who will not His new version of Christianity would be called Calvinism

  40. The practices of the Church of England and the Catholic Church were nearly identical There were two major differences between the two Churches; one, divorce is legal in England Second, the king, not the Pope, is the head of England’s Church

  41. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders called the Council of Trent; its purpose was to review Church practices, make reforms, and emphasize core Catholic beliefs

  42. From the Council of Trent came the Catholics’ Counter-Reformation, which was opposed to the Protestant Reformation Jesuits did much for the Counter-Reformation; the Jesuits focused on THREE GOALS: First, Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism

  43. Secondly, the Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests Many Jesuit colleges can be found in the world today

  44. Third, Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

  45. The Protestant Reformation led to a decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church, but it still remained the largest religion in Europe (especially in Italy, Portugal, France, and Spain)

  46. The Effect of the Printing Press This invention revolutionized the way ideas were spread around Europe

  47. The Inquisition is one of the darkest parts of history; its purpose was to put heretics (those who go against Church teachings) on trial The penalties for heresy were severe; often the penalties were all manners of horrible torture and execution

  48. The Impact of the Reformation Several different Protestant faiths came about, leaving Europe religiously divided… …but what remained of the Catholic Church became more unified due to the Council of Trent However, the overall influence of the popes declined, so kings gained more power and formed stronger nations The encouraging of education led to people questioning long-held beliefs This questioning would lead to new ideas as well as numerous wars

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