All EM waves travel through space at speed of light (300 million m/s).

1. X-rays are used in hospitals to take radiographs. X-rays and gamma rays damage living tissue when they pass through it. Large doses can kill cells, small doses can cause cancer Gamma rays • Have the shortest wavelengths • used to kill bacteria in food, sterilise surgical equipment and kill cancer cells. Microwaves • Short waves • Can pass through atmosphere for satellite communications • Used in cooking, microwave ovens - heat water molecules Infrared-IR • All objects emit IR. The hotter the object the more IR it emits • IR heat objects. • Uses: heaters, IR scanners, IR cameras, remote controls, optical fibres and communications X-rays and gamma rays areabsorbed by dense material such as bone and metal but pass through soft tissue Radio waves • Have the longest wavelengths • Used in communications • Radio waves - smallest long waves - 300,000Hz+ • Carry radio, TV, mobile phone signals • Alternating voltage  ariel  receiver • Frequency of radio wave = alternating voltage of carrier wave • High frequency radio waves- • Carry more information • Have a shorter range • Less diffraction Optical Fibres • Visible light and IR carry signals • Carry more info than wires • More secure, signal stays in wire Analogue signals vary continuously in amplitude or frequency Digital signals are on or off. Digital signal free of interference and carry more information. Carrier waves (radio, microwaves etc) carries digital/analogue signal Radio waves are reflected by the IONOSPHERE. Stronger in summer P1b, Physics Ultraviolet-UV Found naturally in sunlight. UV harms the skin and eyes, causes a sun tan, used in security markers The use of radio waves depends on the frequency of the waves All EM waves travel through space at speed of light (300 million m/s). Wave speed= Frequency X Wavelength (m/s) (Hz) (m)

2. Alpha particle Positive charge, deflected in magnetic and electric fields, Helium nucleus Beta particle Negative charge, deflected in magnetic and electric fields, electron emitted from nucleus Gamma particles No charge, not deflected in magnetic and electric fields, EM wave A radioactive substance contains unstable nuclei. An unstable nucleus becomes stable by emitting radiation. Marie Curie- Discovered Radioactivity. Worked with uranium. Died of cancer because of her work. Alpha Radiation- Stopped by paper or a few cm of air Beta Radiation– Stopped by thin aluminium or about 1m of air Gamma radiation- Stopped by thick lead or concrete and has an unlimited range in air Uses of radioactivity • Automatic thickness monitoring- uses beta • Radioactive tracers- uses gamma • Radioactive carbon/uranium dating • Carbon- wood • Uranium- rocks • Smoke detectors- uses alpha Half life Time it takes for number of radioactive nuclei of the isotope to decay to half its initial value. Unstable radioactive elements decay randomly and give off particles Isotope atoms of an element have different numbers of neutrons Detect radiation with Geiger Muller Tube (GM tube) Big Bang (BB)Theory • Massive explosion from a small point • Background microwave radiation is radiation created just after the BB. • Created as high energy gamma radiation after BB As universe expanded, it stretched into longer and longer wavelengths. Isotopes Different types of atoms of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons The Earths atmosphere absorbs all electromagnetic waves, except visible light, radio waves and some UV radiation. Satellite detectors are used to make observations outside the visible and radio spectrum. Clear images are observed using telescopes on satellites detecting visible light. Ionisation-Alpha and beta particles knock electrons out of atoms P1b Physics • Light from distant galaxy is red-shifted to longer wavelengths • Edwin Hubble discovered that light from galaxies were red-shifted • Distant galaxies are moving away from us • Speed of distant galaxy is proportional to distance from us The universe is expanding • Space, time and matter created by the Big Bang • BIG BANG happened 13,000 million years ago The most distant galaxies are about 13 million light years away.