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Genetics

Genetics. Gregor Mendel. “father of genetics” studied pea plants genes carry inherited traits predicted how traits were inherited. Genetics Vocabulary. Allele – a section of DNA; you have 2 for every trait, one from mom and one from dad

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Genetics

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  1. Genetics

  2. Gregor Mendel • “father of genetics” • studied pea plants • genes carry inherited traits • predicted how traits were inherited

  3. Genetics Vocabulary • Allele – a section of DNA; you have 2 for every trait, one from mom and one from dad • DOMINANT – trait/allele that shows up; represented by CAPITAL letters • recessive – trait/allele that is hidden; represented by lowercase letter A a alleles

  4. If A stands for axial flowers and a stands for terminal flowers Genetics Vocabulary • genotype – what your DNA says your traits are; represented by 2 letters (b/c you have 2 alleles for each trait) • phenotype – what you see because of the DNA you have aa Aa AA or or aa Aa AA phenotype= terminal flowers phenotype= Axial flowers phenotype= Axial flowers

  5. Practice: Are these genotypes or phenotypes? • Tt • round • black • BB • smooth • rr • tall

  6. Genetics Vocabulary • homozygous – 2 letters of the same size, same alleles (pure) • heterozygous – 2 letter of the different sizes, different alleles (hybrid) aa AA Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive Aa

  7. Practice: Are these genotypes homozygous or heterozygous? If they are homozygous, are they dominant or recessive? • AA • Gg • hh • Oo • MM • ss

  8. In pea plants, green pods are completely dominantover yellow. What letter will we use? What are the genotypes? • Homozygous yellow • Heterozygous green • Pure dominant • Hybrid gg Gg GG Gg

  9. Punnett Squares • Punnett Squares: used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. Parent 2 offspring offspring Parent 1 offspring offspring

  10. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Simple Dominance • Incomplete Dominance • Codominance • Sex-linked Traits

  11. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Simple Dominance – one trait • Use 1 letter and capital or lowercase letters Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?

  12. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? What genotypes for the parents?Parent 1:Parent 2: Parent 2 Parent 1

  13. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1:Parent 2: Parent 2 Parent 1

  14. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa Parent 2 Parent 1

  15. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa a a A A

  16. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa a a ***Bring the letters down and over A Aa A

  17. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa a a ***Bring the letters down and over A Aa Aa A

  18. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa a a ***Bring the letters down and over A Aa Aa A Aa

  19. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa a a ***Bring the letters down and over A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

  20. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa Genotypes: a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

  21. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa Genotypes: Aa 4:0 100% a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

  22. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa Genotypes: Aa 4:0 100% a a A Aa Aa Phenotypes: A Aa Aa

  23. Ex: In pea plants axial flowers are dominant to terminal flowers. What would be the result of a cross between a homozygous dominant pea plant and a homozygous recessive pea plant?What letter are we using? AWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: AAParent 2: aa Genotypes: Aa 4:0 100% a a A Aa Aa Phenotypes: Axial 4:0 100% A Aa Aa

  24. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Simple Dominance • Incomplete Dominance • Codominance • Sex-linked Traits

  25. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Incomplete Dominance: neither allele is completely dominant over the other, so the phenotypes BLEND together. Ex. = white Red PINK X

  26. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red:White:Pink:What genotypes for the parents?Parent 1:Parent 2: Genotypes: Phenotypes:

  27. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: Parent 2: Genotypes: Phenotypes:

  28. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: R W R Phenotypes: W

  29. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: R W R RR Phenotypes: W

  30. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: R W R RR RW Phenotypes: W

  31. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: R W R RR RW Phenotypes: W RW

  32. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: R W R RR RW Phenotypes: W RW WW

  33. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: RR; RW; WW 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% R W R RR RW Phenotypes: W RW WW

  34. Ex: Snapdragons are flowers controlled by incomplete dominance. When you cross a red snapdragon with a white snapdragon the results are pink snapdragons. What would be the cross of 2 pink snapdragons?What are the genotypes of red, white, and pink snapdragons?Red: RRWhite: WWPink: RWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: RWParent 2: RW Genotypes: RR; RW; WW 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% R W R RR RW Phenotypes: Red; Pink; White 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% W RW WW

  35. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Simple Dominance • Incomplete Dominance • Codominance • Sex-linked Traits

  36. Genetic Crosses • There are 4 genetic crosses we will discuss. • Codominance – Both alleles are dominant. Both alleles show up. = white Black Checkered X

  37. Codominance

  38. Codominance

  39. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black:White:Checkered:What genotypes for the parents?Parent 1:Parent 2: Genotypes: Phenotypes:

  40. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: Parent 2: Genotypes: Phenotypes:

  41. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: B W B Phenotypes: W

  42. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: B W B BB Phenotypes: W

  43. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: B W B BB BW Phenotypes: W

  44. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: B W B BB BW Phenotypes: BW W

  45. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: B W B BB BW Phenotypes: BW WW W

  46. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: BB; BW; WW 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% B W B BB BW Phenotypes: W BW WW

  47. Ex: In chickens, feather color is controlled by codominant alleles. When black chickens are crossed with white chickens, black and white checkered chickens appear. What is the cross between two checkered chickens?What are the genotypes of black, white, and checkered chickens?Black: BBWhite: WWCheckered: BWWhat genotypes for the parents?Parent 1: BWParent 2: BW Genotypes: BB; BW; WW 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% B W B BB BW Phenotypes: Black; Checkered; White 1:2:1 25%:50%:25% W BW WW

  48. Incomplete or Codominance? • Red cow crossed with white cow results in roan cattle. Roan cattle have both red and white hairs. • A blue blahblah bird and a white blahblah bird produce offspring that are silver. • A certain species of mouse with black fur is crossed with a mouse with white fur and all of the offspring have grey fur.

  49. Incomplete or Codominance? • White chicken x black chicken = black and white checkered chicken • A red flower and a white flower produce pink flowers. • A black cat and a tan cat produce tabby cats, cats where black and tan fur is seen together. • A woman with blood type A and a man with blood type B have a child with blood type AB

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