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DNA Technology

DNA Technology. DNA Extraction. Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky , and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called “spooling” DNA. Cutting DNA. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

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DNA Technology

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  1. DNA Technology

  2. DNA Extraction • Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst • The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture • This is called “spooling” DNA

  3. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut DNA at specific sequences • Different people have different genetic codes so each person will have different sized pieces left over • Cuts at restriction sites which is a specific set of nucleotides that form a palindrome • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments for analysis

  4. Electrophoresis • DNA can be separated based on size and charge • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • Sizes are based on the results of restriction enzymes • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

  5. Electrophoresis • DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster

  6. Crime scene analysis

  7. Paternity Testing

  8. Copying DNA • What to do if the sample size is small? • Polymerase Chain Reaction • Also called PCR • A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

  9. PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

  10. Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

  11. Cloning “Dolly” • Born July 5, 1996 • Had three mothers • One provided the egg • One provided the DNA • One carried the baby • Died at 6.5 years old (normal life span is 11-12 years) from cancer thought to be unrelated to being a clone

  12. Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo • Human clones in the future?

  13. Human Genome Project(Video)

  14. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Conducted by scientists around the world • All data was made freely and rapidly available on the Internet, accelerating the pace of medical discovery around the globe. • This spurred a revolution in biotechnology innovation around the world and played a key role in making the U.S. the global leader in the new biotechnology sector. • In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project, under budget and more than two years ahead of schedule.

  15. What we learned … • The Human Genome Project has already fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes. • Researchers can now find a gene suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years. • There are now more than 2,000 genetic tests for human conditions. • At least 350 biotechnology-based products are currently in clinical trials.

  16. What we hope to learn … • Much work still remains to be done. Despite many important genetic discoveries, the genetics of complex diseases such as heart disease are still far from clear. • The Cancer Genome Atlas (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), aims to identify all the genetic abnormalities seen in 50 major types of cancer. • Be able to create drugs that are much more effective and cause fewer side effects than those available today. • NIH (National Institute of Health) is striving to cut the cost of sequencing an individual’s genome to $1,000 or less. Having one’s complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage and treat many diseases. • The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with non-medical conditions, such as intelligence and personality traits, will challenge society, making the role of ethical, legal and social implications research more important than ever.

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