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Inner & East Asia: Sui, Tang, Song 600-1200 CE

Inner & East Asia: Sui, Tang, Song 600-1200 CE. Government based on Confucianism-heavily influenced by Buddhism Resources spent on infrastructure, military Capital at Chang’an Grand canal-military, communication & trade Irrigation systems Improved Great Wall Militarily ambitious.

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Inner & East Asia: Sui, Tang, Song 600-1200 CE

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  1. Inner & East Asia: Sui, Tang, Song600-1200 CE

  2. Government based on Confucianism-heavily influenced by Buddhism Resources spent on infrastructure, military Capital at Chang’an Grand canal-military, communication & trade Irrigation systems Improved Great Wall Militarily ambitious Sui Dynasty: Reunification & Military Expansion

  3. Tang Empire, 618 -755 • Territorial expansion • Avoided over-centralization • Combined Turkic influence w/ Chinese Confucian traditions • Influx of cosmopolitan culture,

  4. Tang Military

  5. Buddhism & Tang Empire • Emperors used Buddhism to legitimized power • kings promoted themselves as spiritual agents-provided access to Buddhist realm • Monasteries allied w/ Emperors • Received tax exemptions, land gifts

  6. Mahayana Buddhism • Followed trade routes to Chang’an • Cosmopolitan city • Flexible • adaptable • Buddhist texts translated into local languages

  7. Chang’an • Ambassadors-tributary system • Over a million residents • Foreigners lived in special compounds • walled gated quarters • Roads/canals (Grand Canal) • Islamic & Jewish merchants • Large commercial ships • Bubonic plague arrived Combined Central Asian influences (Turkic) & Chinese culture • Roads, rivers, & canals facilitated trade • Exports exceeded imports Foreign trade caravan 

  8. Power Rivals: Uighur & Tibetan Empires

  9. Power Rivals: Uighur • Mid-eighth century Turkic group • Empire in Central Asia • Merchants & scribes • Strong ties to Islam & China • Own script • Lasted 50 years

  10. Power Rivals: Tibet • Large empire with access to SE Asia, China, & South & Central Asia • Open to Indian, Chinese, Islamic, & even (via Iran) Greek culture • In early Tang, relations were friendly • Tibetan king received a Chinese princess • Mahayana Buddhism brought to Tibet-combined w local religion • By late 600’s military rivalry began • Tibet allied w/ Tang rival • 9th century, Tibetan king failed to eliminate Buddhism • Tibet entered long period of monastic rule & isolation

  11. Tang: Upheavals & Repression, 750–879 • Conflict w/ Tibetans & Turkic Uighurs-backlash against “foreigners” • Confucian ideology reasserted • Buddhism undermined family values- many became monks & nuns-deprived families of marriage alliances & descendants • Buddhism eroded tax base & legitimized women’s participation in politics • Wu Zhao-seized control w/Buddhist support • Claimed to be bodhisattva • Favored Buddhists & Daoists • Confucian elites characterized unorthodox rulers & powerful women as “evil” • Buddhism associated w/ barbarians & social ills

  12. End of Tang879-907 • Territory expanded-many internal rebellions • 907- Tang state collapsed • Regional military governors established own kingdoms • None able to integrate territory on same scale • East Asia cut off from communication w/ Islamic world & Europe

  13. New States Emerge in East Asia, to 1200: • Liao, Jin, & Chinese Song • Song cut off from Central Asia so it turned to sea • strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan and SE Asia

  14. Southern Song: 1127-1279

  15. Song Innovation • Technological innovations based on info brought from West Asia during Tang era • Mathematics • Astronomy • calendar making • Mechanical clock • Improved compass • Sternpost rudder, watertight bulkheads

  16. Song Industries • Standing army • professionally trained • regularly paid • Iron and coal • high–grade iron and steel • weapons, armor, defensive works • Gunpowder weapons

  17. Song Economy & Society • Confucian-elite officials dominated • Neo-Confucian philosophy developed • Chan (Zen) Buddhism became popular • Civil Service Exam matured • Hereditary system broke down • Meritocracy improved government efficiency & reliability

  18. Song Economy & Society • Moveable type = mass-produced government authorized exam prep materials • New agricultural technology = increased agricultural productivity = increased population in South China

  19. Song Economy and Society • China’s population grew to 100 million • Large crowed, well-managed cities like Hangzhou • “Flying money”-interregional credit system • Government issued paper money • Caused inflation and later withdrawn • Difficulty controlling market economy • Tax collection was privatized • Burgeoning new merchant elite

  20. Song Economy & Society • Women’s status declined • Totally subordinated to men • Lost rights to own and manage property • Remarriage forbidden • Bound feet became mandatory status symbol for elite women • Working-class women, and non-Han more independent

  21. New Kingdoms in South Asia: • Korea, Japan, Vietnam all rice economies • labor needs fit well w/ Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, & discipline • all adopted aspects of Chinese culture but political ideologies remained different

  22. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Korea • Cultural bridge • Hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism & Buddhism from China-passed to Japan • Kingdoms first united by Silla in 668 then Koryo early 900’s • Used woodblock printing as early as 700’s • later invented moveable type- passed on to Song

  23. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Japan • Mountainous terrain created hundreds of small states - unified in about 4th-5th century • Government established at Yamato on Honshu Island • Mid-7th century political reforms established centralized government legal code, national histories, architecture, city planning based on Tang cities • Modeled on China but adapted to their own needs • Maintained emperorship • Shinto survived alongside Buddhism

  24. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Japan • Women enjoyed a relatively strong position • Aristocratic women became royal consorts-linked court w/ own kinsmen • Siuko, became empress when her husband died in 592 • Prince Shotuku, her nephew & regent, developed Constitution based on Confucian & Buddhist approaches to statecraft

  25. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Japan • Heian Period – 794-1185 • Fujiwara dominated Japanese government • Aesthetic refinement of aristocracy • Elevated civil officials above warriors • By late 1000’s, some warrior clans became wealthy & powerful • Kamakura Shoganate took control • Established capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu

  26. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Vietnam • Geographical proximity & similar wet-rice agriculture made it suitable for integration w/ south China • Economic & cultural assimilation took place during Tang & Song periods • Northern Vietnam elite (Annam) modeled their culture on Chinese • When Tang fell, Annam established itself as an independent state under the name Dai Viet

  27. New Kingdoms in South Asia: Vietnam • Southern Vietnam, kingdom of Champa influenced by Malay and Indian as well as by China • During Song, Champa cultivated and exported fast-maturing Champa rice to China • Strong common Confucian interest in hierarchy • Status of women varied • Foot-binding not common outside China • Before Confucianism, women had higher status in Annam than Chinese women • Education of women was not valued or desirable anywhere

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