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MULTILINGUAL DOMAIN NAMES

APAN2002 Conference in Phuket. MULTILINGUAL DOMAIN NAMES. （ INTERNATIONALIZED ）. Hirofumi Hotta （ JPRS & JPNIC ） hotta@jprs.jp. January 24, 2002. http:// 日本レジストリサービス .jp. non-English characters in e-mail. Step1 Phonetic mapping in e-mail texts Step2

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MULTILINGUAL DOMAIN NAMES

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  1. APAN2002 Conference in Phuket MULTILINGUAL DOMAIN NAMES （INTERNATIONALIZED） Hirofumi Hotta （JPRS & JPNIC） hotta@jprs.jp January 24, 2002 http://日本レジストリサービス.jp

  2. non-English characters in e-mail • Step1 • Phonetic mapping in e-mail texts • Step2 • Native language characters in e-mail texts • Step3 • Native language characters in “Subject” fields • Step4 ? • Native language characters in “To” and “From” field • Names such as company names and personal names in the social relevant context should be presented in their native language

  3. Demands on multilingual domain names • Rapid growth of the Internet • More non-English speakers are becoming Internet users • People using non-ASCII characters • Undesirable unification in LDH world • 博文, 博史, 宏史, …..are all “hirofumi”s in ASCII space • Apostrophe, accents, umlauts, ….. cannot be used in ASCII space Demand on multilingual domain names

  4. History (technology) • Late 1990s • Developed at the National University of Singapore • July 1998 • Asia Pacific Networking Group • iDNS Working group : development of the experimental implementation of an Internationalized multilingual multiscript Domain Names Service • iDomain Working Group : creation of an iDNS testbed in Asia Pacific countries • 1998-1999 • Prototypes demonstrated in international conferences • BoFs held in international conferences • APRICOT • INET • Nov. 1999 - • BoF in IETF • IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) Working Group in IETF

  5. History (deployment) • End of 1999 • Several companies began commercialization of the multilingual domain name technology • Several testbeds emerged • July 2000 - • MINC (Multilingual Domain Names Consortium) • promotion of the multilingualization of Internet names, including Internet domain names and keywords, the internationalization of Internet names standards and protocols, technical coordination, and liaison with other international bodies • Country/regional organizations • AINC (Arabic Internet Names Consortium) • CDNC (Chinese Domain Name Consortium ) • INFITT (International Forum for IT in Tamil ) • JDNA (Japanese Domain Names Association )

  6. History (policy) • March 2001 • Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) Working Group in ICANN Board • Fact finding survey concerning technical, policy, and service aspects • Survey report published in Sept. 2001 • Market demand shown • List of issues elaborated • GAC (Governmental Advisory Committee) of ICANN • communiqué expressing GAC’s support for multilingual domain names • Sept. 2001 • IDN Committee • Will recommend solutions of non-technical issues

  7. Basic technical requirements • Preservation of compatibility with current domain names • Preservation of uniqueness of domain name space • The Internet must not be divided into islands Required by IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

  8. Character codes of multilingual domain names • Current : proprietary (local) standard • in PCs • in PDAs • in Internet-enabled phones • Best current solution may be • UNICODE • Specification of code sets of many languages • Additional issues • traditional Chinese characters / simplified Chinese characters • Are they same characters in domain names ? • Is this a local code issue or universal protocol issue ?

  9. Client-side vs. Server-side solutions (chosen by IETF) • Client-side solution • Translation between multilingual script and ASCII-compatible representation is performed in the user application • Domain names are processed as ASCII domain names all over the Internet • Server-side solution • Domain names are sent over the Internet in local encoding • Applications and services communicate with each other using non-ASCII domain names all the way user application DNS multilingual domain names ASCII domain names client-side solution multilingual domain names server-side solution

  10. How multilingual string is converted to ASCII ex) ABCカンパニー.JP ＡＢＣｶﾝﾊﾟﾆｰ.JP ＡBＣカンハ゜ニー.JP original string NAMEPREP unification of the strings considered to be the same ex) normalized string ABCカンパニー.JP ACE conversion to an ASCII string ex) ASCII string Internet (based on ASCII) ZQ--GD7UD72C75B2X46RZP6A.JP

  11. Issues in using ACE • Subspace is used by multilingual domain names • Issues • Reservation of the subspace • Length limitation is severer • Domain label • Domain name ACE ACE-ed Multilingual Domain Names Multilingual Domain Names decode ASCII Domain Names

  12. Intellectual Property Rights • More problems will arise with multilingual domain names • Names in its local language characters means more than those in ASCII characters • IPR protection – before registration • Reserved domain names • Sunrise period • IPR protection – after registration • DRP (Dispute Resolution Polcy)

  13. Defining a multilingual top level domain • Current implementation of multilingual domain names • Second level domain or under • Allowed by current DNS architecture and technology • Top level domain • Alternate root • Inclusive root • Pseudo-root • Above are only to satisfy commercial drive or users’ demands on early deployment of multilingual domain names • It is important for ICANN to define a multilingual top level domain creation policy

  14. Issues in various TLDs • {non-ASCII-string}.{ASCII-ccTLD} • {non-ASCII-string}.{ASCII-gTLD} • Organizations already being authorized are responsible for the domain name space • {any-string}.{non-ASCII-ccTLD} • One organization from the relevant country is named to be responsible for the domain name space • If a country has more than 1 official language, • What is the language for non-ASCII-ccTLD, or • How many non-ASCII-ccTLDs are given to the country • {any-string}.{non-ASCII-gTLD} • No one can tell whether top level domain “.企業” is Chinese or Japanese • Difficulty in choosing a responsible organization • who in what country

  15. Other political issues • What are the languages that constitute multilingual domain names • Some languages have 2 or more kinds of scripts • Traditional Chinese/simplified Chinese • Who is the language authority for multilingual domain names • Should rules be the same even under different TLDs? • A single domain name registry should not be the ultimate authority of for the rules • Is such rule definition an international issue? • Language rules are known to only people using the language • To what extent does the solution need international standard or local coordination? • Each language stakeholders should coordinate among themselves

  16. Future Issues growth of the number of multilingual domain names and their users synergy deployment of name servers with multilingual domain names applications with multilingual domain name facilities policy and coordination of registration and management rules technology standardization and development

  17. Introduction of Japanese Domain Names 日本レジストリサービス.JP • Registration as second level domains • ASCII label • Japanese label • Japanese domain names, consisting of Chinese and Kana characters as well as ASCII characters, can be registered • Up to 15 characters • Japanese domain names are registered only as general-use JP domain names. Second level domain Top level domain

  18. Categories of Reserved Japanese Domain Names • Prefectures; large cities designated by ordinance; prefectural capital cities • Single characters in Hiragana, Katakana, numbers written in Chinese characters, prolonged sound symbols, and others. • あ、イ、五、ー、… • Names of primary and secondary educational organizations (primary schools, junior high schools, etc.) • Names ending with “小学校 (primary school),” “中学校 (junior high school)” and “高等学校 (high school).” • Names of international inter-governmental organizations (such as the United Nations) • Names related to administrative, judicial, and legislative agencies • Japanese common nouns • Ex) service, station, sightseeing, . . . (that may appear in yellow pages) • Names required for JPNIC operations • ジェイピーニック、ドメイン名、日本語ドメイン名、…

  19. Phased introduction • Priority registration • 22/Feb/2001 - 23/Mar/2001 • Trademarks, registered names, university names, personal names in full • In case of competition, registrants were determined by draw • Concurrent registration • 02/Apr/2001 - 23/Apr/2001 • All applications which arrived in this period were regarded as arrived at the same time, not in the order received • In case of competition, registrants were determined by draw • First-come-first-served basis registration • 07/May/2001 -

  20. Results of Priority Registration • Priority Registration Applications Category ASCII Japanese Total Trademarks 8,300 11,900 20,100 Registered names 0 12,400 12,400 Personal names 200 600 800 academic 0 400 400 Total number of applications 8,500 25,400 33,800 Number of domain names registered 6,500 22,600 29,100

  21. Results of Concurrent Registration Category ASCII Japanese Total Number of applications Multiple applications 32,500 41,700 74,200 Single applications 22,600 23,400 46,000 Total 55,100 65,200 120,300 Number of domain names Multiple applications 4,600 5,200 9,800 Single applications 22,600 23,400 46,000 Total 27,200 28,600 55,800 # of domain names as of 1/Dec/2001 Traditional 283,300 ASCII - General use 122,000 ASCII 61,500 Japanese

  22. Technologies in Japanese JP domain names • NAMEPREP+RACE (AMC-ACE-Z in May) • mDNkit (open source) • Software library for applications • Software tool for nameserver software upgrade • Applications • DNS Proxy • mDN wrapper (which intercepts communications and converts domain names) • IE + RealNames • Users can develop applications using mDNkit

  23. Japanese Domain Names Association jdna.jp 日本語ドメイン名協会.jp • Activities • Information exchange • Standardization of usage • Development of a tool kit • Support for development and testing • Members • ISPs • Application/Hardware vendors • Domain name registries/registrars • Universities • Working Groups • Interface specification • Web • Mail • VoIP

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