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Native American History

Native American History. Native American History. 1520-1820 Colonial Period 1803-1854 American Expansion 1851-1900 Reservation-Allotment 1900-1930s Indian New Deal 1950-70 Termination & Relocation 1970-2000 Civil Rights Movement. Stereotypes. Feathers & Headdresses Face Paint

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Native American History

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  1. Native American History

  2. Native American History • 1520-1820 Colonial Period • 1803-1854 American Expansion • 1851-1900 Reservation-Allotment • 1900-1930s Indian New Deal • 1950-70 Termination & Relocation • 1970-2000 Civil Rights Movement

  3. Stereotypes Feathers & Headdresses Face Paint Bows, Arrows, Tipis & Scalping Drums & Songs Chiefs 1

  4. Native American History: BC • B.C. • Land Bridge Theory • Religion • White Buffalo Woman, Lacotah • Changing Woman, Dineh • White Painted Woman, Indeh 2

  5. Changing Woman: Dineh (Navajo) Creation within the four sacred mountains of the universe. These mountains are in modern day Arizona, Utah and New Mexico which are among the spiritual borders for the tribe. She is a significant religious figure for the dineh in every day life.

  6. The Colonial Period 1520-1820 • Disease • Conflict • Social, Economic & Political Issues • Pan Indian Movements • Pope 1680 New Mexico • Black Hawk b. 1767 Great Lakes • Tecumseh 1769-1813 Ohio River Valley 3

  7. Removal Policy • Thomas Jefferson • War of 1812 and Andrew Jackson • Indian Removal Act, 101-99 • Cherokee Nation Court Cases • Tribal Divisions and Conflict • “Old Settlers” • Choctaw Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek

  8. American Expansion 1803-1854 • Indian Removal: Oklahoma • 5 Southeast Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw, Muskogee(Creek) • Pacific Northwest: Nez Perce, Modoc • Great Plains: Cheyenne, Pawnee, • Great Lakes/East Coast: Delaware, Huron Shawnee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk/Fox Southwest: Apache, Tonkawa, Kickapoo 4

  9. Removal Map

  10. Navajo Removal 1860s

  11. Social Changes • Matrilineal Societies • Tribal Council System • Religious significance of sacred sites

  12. Economic Impact • Subsistence Economy to Dependence • Emasculation of Men in Community • Focus on Agriculture difficult for many • Treaty commitments not realized • Starvation, illness

  13. Political Impact • Loss of Sovereignty and government appointed Chiefs • Civil War in Oklahoma

  14. The Reservation System 1851-Present • California Gold Rush & Statehood • Treaty of Ft. Laramie 1851 • The Civil War • Social, Economic and Political Issues 5

  15. Cheyenne Reservation

  16. Sarah Winnemucca • Paiute Activist • Tribe relocated twice • “Life Among the Paiutes” 1883 • Worked for reform on reservations • Relatives imprisoned at Alcatraz for reform activism

  17. Acculturation/Assimilation Program • 1864 Sand Creek Massacre • Boarding School System: Education, Training, Religious Instruction • 1879 Carlisle Indian Industrial School • 1883 Code of Indian Religious Offenses • Lateral Violence Theory 6

  18. Thanksgiving Play

  19. The Dawes Act 1887 • The Friends of the American Indians • Lake Mohonk Conference • Senator Henry Dawes • 160, 80 or 40 acres • 25 year trust • Citizenship 7

  20. Oklahoma Statehood • The Curtis Act • The Burke Act • Oil • Gertrude Bonnin • The Society of American Indians • Native American Church

  21. Gertrude Bonnin

  22. The 1928 Meriam Report • Health: Tuberculosis, Trachoma • Living Conditions • Economic Conditions • Poverty • Suffering & Discontent

  23. Indian Citizenship Act 1924 • WW1 • Voting • Property • Citizenship

  24. The Indian New Deal • The Indian Reorganization Act 1934 • Land Issues • Economic development loans • Education • Political issues: constitution • Most tribes divided on issues

  25. Indian Reorganization Act • 1935 Montana Flathead Receive New Const. And Bylaws Sec.Int. Ickes

  26. World War II • 1946 Indian Claims Commission • 588 Claims, by 1963 only 122 resolved • Ongoing process • 25,000 joined military • 40,000 worked in military industrial complex • Navajo Code Talkers, August 14th

  27. Termination and Relocation • 1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108 • 1954-1962 61 tribes terminated • Relocation program • Urban Indian issues • Uranium Mining: Navajo History • Nuclear Testing: Shoshone History • Nuclear Waste: “Radioactive Rez’s”

  28. Relocation Programs

  29. Indian Removals 1950s • Economic demand for water, uranium, coal and other natural resources on Indian land led to removals

  30. Navajo Nation: Environmental Issues • 1960s 252 tons of soot 445 tons of smog • 1979 1100 tons of mud 95 million gallons water

  31. California Urban Indians1960 165,922 • Indian Non Indian • College 2% 10% • 8th grade 43% 28% • $ 2,800 $7,600 • Unemployment 25% 6% • Living Conditions: • 51% Housing unsafe, 65% poor sewage • 45% contaminated water

  32. Urban Indian Issues • Friendship House Association of American Indians • Native American Health Clinic • American Indian Public Charter School • American Indian Family Healing Center • Services, Programs and Success

  33. The Civil Rights Movement • American Indian Movement • 1972 BIA Occupation • 1973 Wounded Knee, 1969 Alcatraz • Native American Church issues

  34. Civil Rights Movement • 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act • Indian Child Welfare Act 1978 • American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978 • Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990

  35. Pacific Northwest Fishing Rights • Janet McCloud Tulalip Nation 1965 “Fish –Ins” 1979 50% Boldt Decision

  36. Sacred Areas • Taos Blue Lake Nixon Policy 48,000 acres Carson Ntl. Forest

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