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ADB-Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI)

Gender-Based Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Activities: A Case Study From Ratchaburi, Thailand. ADB-Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI). Gender-based community participation in Biodiversity conservation activities:.

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ADB-Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI)

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  1. Gender-Based Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Activities: A Case Study From Ratchaburi, Thailand ADB-Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI)

  2. Gender-based community participation in Biodiversity conservation activities: • Thailand at the present has lost its biodiversity at the alarming rate (ONEP, 2006)Target goal of ADB-BCI “the continuous provision of NR goods and services”(ADB, 2005) • To conserve the country’s biodiversity & sustain people’s livelihood, support and collaboration of local community is needed (MA, 2005) • Need of gender-based analysis in Development (Agarwal, 2001) Millennium Development Goal #3: promote gender equality & empower W. • social problem; poverty /education/ but gender issues not yet focused (ADB, 2007)

  3. Objectives & Data Collection To assess the different contributions of men and women to livelihood through NRM Focus-group discussion: M/F in each village To comparatively assess the level of local participation between men and women in conservation projects Ladder of Participation frequencies/WAI To determine the influencing factors that boost or hinder the level of participation Questionnaire WAI To provide recommendations

  4. Literature Review Gender and NR women’s work involves them closely with natural resources, whether as haulers of water, hewers of fuel wood, or contributors in agricultural production while men are interested in trees to produce building poles to sell for cash (Leach, 1992). Gender & community participation McAdam (1992): women’s parenting role constrains one’s time and availability for participation Agarwal (2001): factors that determine participation such as rules, norms, and perceptions can disadvantage women.

  5. Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation 3: have been informed about this project 4: give opinions/ feedback to the project such as via survey 5: have position but do not have decision-making power 6: have a position and partially involve in decision-making process 7: Fully involved in decision-making 8: Fully in charge of management

  6. Characteristics of respondents 84 persons in Punam Ron/ 102 in Pong / #M= #F Age : majority 30-42 years old Average monthly income: Pong Krathing Bon (5,578.81 Baht) / Ban Punam Ron (4,470.75 Baht) Occupation: Pong Krathing Bon= farmers /Ban Punam Ron= laborers in non-agriculture. most respondents spend 5-12 hours to carry out productive and reproductive works daily reproductive work: less than 2 hrs.** Except women in Ban Punam Ron (2-4 hrs.) **community managing role is not included : babysitting children of relatives or neighbors, help out in temple majority of respondents acquire primary education

  7. Comparative Assessment

  8. Comparative Assessment

  9. Gender division of labor (Pong Krathing Bon) inner = actor / outer = decision maker Men make decision in most activities (7 out of 8 activities) but workloads are shared

  10. Gender division of labor (Punam Ron) Shared decision-making and workload Men -farm maintenance , women - selling farm products

  11. Conservation practices Women: transporting manure, manuring , agro-forestry Men : repairing water reservoir difference : more sharing of works here

  12. Community participation in Biodiversity Conservation Activities • Home Garden • Forest Planting • Village Nurseries • Firebreak Construction • Check-dam Construction • Religious Ceremony on Trees • Village Debate on CINPM (Community-Integrated National Park Management)

  13. Community participation Pong Krathing Bon = higher level of participation (WAI) Punam Ron: more participants in most activities

  14. Participation level (WAI) 0.17 = level 1 of participation ladder 0.33 = level 2 of participation ladder 0.50 = level 3 of participation ladder 0.67 = level 4 of participation ladder 0.83 = level 5 of participation ladder 1.00 = level 6 of participation ladder

  15. Comparative Assessment

  16. Comparative Assessment

  17. Drivers forparticipation Similarity across genders and villages Time and incentive are perceived as the most influencing factors Gender-based difference in two villages In Ban Pong Krathing Bon : men- leader & distance /W- linkage between natural resources and livelihood function In Ban Punam Ron, women consider leader as their influencing factor

  18. Drivers for nonparticipation Common finding across village and gender Time and advertisement are perceived as the most influencing factors for both M&W in both villages In both villages, W consider family members/neighbor influence as influencing factor Difference Incentive: Both M&W in Ban Pong Krathing Bon Distance: Both M&W in Ban Punam Ron

  19. Quantitatively, they perceive gender is not influencing factor …… let’s see !!

  20. Quantitative finding Correlation analysis: the higher no. of male, the lesser numbers of participants in Religious Ceremony on Trees 1) there is a link b/w gender & participation 2) No. of male participants influence participation of the opposite sex. qualitative data??

  21. Insights from Male Pong Krathing Bon Overload work for W if women are employed Traditional belief: W stay at home/ M study& work reproductive work is women’s responsibility If shared: get laughed at/wife go out Men are more suitable for leadership (travel/household chores ~ children) Community work: W cook/ religious/ decoration W feel uncomfortable to involve when many men are there

  22. Female Pong Krathing Bon feel uncomfortable to express opinions in public Not consider reproductive roles as work proudly accepted that men are breadwinners for a family believe in men-dominated society (more knowledge, experience, and social connection) accept household chores as their total responsibility- too much public service are mostly undertaken by men Reasons: husband said so, chores/children, children annoy, feel unwelcomed Opposite result from young female adult

  23. Male Punam Ron fair arrangement on workload Education: equal now “as commonly seen everywhere in the world, the president or leader of any country is mostly male”. (men are more suitable) is difficult for women, especially the married ones, to travel around More women in public function because they stay at home or work within community area

  24. Female Punam Ron Feel comfortable in sharing opinions both husband and wife do generate incomes and do share responsibility in household chores. Female leaders should be encouraged (they are also) women are more precautious in making decision no gender difference: knowledge, experience, and social connection. feel proud to be part of conservation projects & receive knowledge from hands-on activities Differences b/w villages : education gap, age, existence of female leaders , traditional pratices

  25. Recommendations Promote gender sensitivity Promote public participation Promote formulation of gender-friendly policies

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