Mobile Services – Towards Semantics

Mobile Services – Towards Semantics Web Service Technologies Lectureat University of Innsbruck Dr Anna V. Zhdanova ftw. Telecommunications Research Center Vienna zhdanova@ftw.at

Outline • Introduction • Enabling Mobile Technologies: Network layer, IMS, RFID, Service Platforms • Why: Support of Convergent Heterogeneous Environments and End-User Empowerment • How: Enabling User-Driven Semantics • Mobile Ontology and Knowledge Layer in Service Platforms • User-Generated Policies • User-Generated Mobile Microservices • What: Motivating Scenarios • Conclusions

Mobile Service - Definition • “A radiocommunication service between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations.” – traditional, short • “Radiocommunications services between ships, aircraft, road vehicles, or hand-held terminal stations for use while in motion or between such stations and fixed points on land.” – official, by WTO • “Any service that can be operated on a mobile device, such as both voice and data services, for example, roaming, SMS and MMS, video streaming, location-based services, etc.” – technically oriented

Mobile Services vs. Web Services • Many Web Services and APIs were originally developed with server to server or server to browser in mind, not mobile applications • Mobile platforms have their own set of challenges given: • Bandwidth • Memory and CPU Availability • Storage Capacity • Connectivity Options and Issues • Security • User Interaction and Display Web Service

If mobile services are to repeat the success of the Web they have to be: simple to use, simple to find, simple to trust, simple to create/set up. These are the design goals of numerous projects, such as “SMS: Simple Mobile Services”, OPUCE, m:Ciudad. Making Mobile Services Widespread Mobile services have not (yet) reached the success of Web NGMAST 2008

Vehicle Walk Outdoor Stationary Walk WLAN (HiperLAN/2) Indoor Stationary/Desktop LAN Networks - Overview Challenge: Addressing ubiquity and capacity bottlenecks through co-operative networks Wide Area Network (WAN) - Large coverage - High cost Mobility Personal Area Network (PAN) - Cable replacement - Ad-hoc connectivity - Low cost Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Local Area Network (LAN) - Hot Spots/SOHO - High speed - Moderate cost 2G cellular 3G cellular Bluetooth 0,1 1 10 100 1000 User Bitrates (Mbps) Source: EC

Services and Applications New air interface Downloadchannel DAB Wireline DVB xDSL IP based core network cellular WLAN Return channel : GSM Eg Hyperlan IMT-2000 UMTS other entities short range connectivity Bluetooth, IR, UWB Heterogeneityin Networks There is a need for interoperation and convergence. Source: EC

2.5G/3G Services B3G Services PSTN IP uniform service API (Internet+) GSM/ GPRS 3G Access Network service feature modules Security QoS VPN Content Delivery 2.5G/3G Radio generic network API WLAN Services Unified IP-based mobile network Low-tier services Mobile Service Middleware incl support for multihop, mcast, etc, Generic Radio Access Network IP IP uniform radio API’s WPAN network layer (e.g. Bluetooth) Ethernet 3G/4G Radio WLAN radio WPAN/low- tier radio WPAN radio 802.11 Radio Radio Independent modular system architecture for heterogeneous networks Radio-specific vertically integrated systems with complex intetworking gateways The Future Today’s Wireless Systems Protocol Issues Challenge: Convergence of multitude of protocols Source: EC

Evolution to IMS – How did we get there? IMS is a state of the art industrial solution for supporting modern mobile services. IMS 3G Wireless IP • 3G wireless + IP ++ • Standard Services Platform • Converged Applications & Content • Access Independence Wireless PSTN • Internet • VoIP • Instant Messaging • Web Applications • W-CDMA • GPRS/UMTS • Circuit switched • Analog • Digital • SS7 • ISDN • Circuit switched • Analog • Digital • 2G (GSM & CDMAANSI-41) Source: Telcordia Technologies

IMS Concept What is IMS? • IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a Service Delivery Architecture • Standardized architecture to provide Internet Protocol (IP)-based mobile and fixed multimedia services • IMS architecture has evolved over the past few years • Today, IMS could allow operators who own different types of networks with varying architectures to offer the same services to all of their customers Source: Telcordia Technologies

1 Initiate SIP Invite 2 Retrieve Subscriber Profile (if needed) 3 Apply Service Logic 9 Forward INVITE to CLD Party 4 Retrieve Address of CLD Party Home Network 10 SDP Negotiation / Resource Reservation Control LIDB/CNAM 2 4 3 9 1 12 RTP Stream RTP Stream IMS Example: CNAM Call Flow 7 Apply Service Logic to access IM-SSF AS 8 IM-SSF queries a GSM-SCF if inter-working with PLMN needed 5 Identify Registrar of CLD Party and Forward INVITE 11 Ringing / Alerting 12 Answer / Connect 6 Retrieve Subscriber Profile 13 Session Active Calling Party Home Network Called Party Home Network HSS ENUM HSS Control SCF Bearer 8 Diameter 6 Diameter 7 AS S-CSCF I-CSCF S-CSCF IM-SSF SIP 5 SIP SIP SIP Calling Party Visited Network Called Party Visited Network P-CSCF P-CSCF 11 10 Backbone Packet Network Backbone Packet Network RAN RAN UE1 UE2 13 IMS is protocol orientedand focused mainly on voice services. Source: Telcordia Technologies

OEMs Enabling Infrastructures - Industry OverviewTrends SI’s App Dev Carriers CLECs Industry is converging in parallel with technology Source: Verizon, 2007

Telecommunications LandscapeIndustry Evolution „Layering“ in telecommunications industries Source: Verizon, 2007 Services Hosting VoIP Call Center LD Voice 800 Centrex Local Voice Security Storage Messaging Voicemail Presence Network CDMA TDM IP TDM Frame ATM WiFi MPLS IMS Wireless Wired Device SIP Phone Mobile Desk phone/ Terminal PC PDA

RFID Technology – Introduction • Radio Frequency Identification - means to efficiently and quickly auto-identify objects, people, etc. • Real-time tracking of inventory in the supply chain • RFID tag – tiny computer chip with very small antenna – passive/active • The chip contain Electronic product code (EPC) – uniquely identify the object • The antenna transmits EPC to RFID reader – within a certain RF range, without requiringline-of-site

RFID Technology - Properties • Advantages: • rough conditions, • long read ranges, • portable databases, • multiple tag read/write, • tracking items in real-time • Results: • quick scanning of products in large bulks, • automated supply chain management • significant savings • accuracy of shipment sent and received, • check on product theft, counterfeiting, product recall, ...

Mobile RFID technology • Vision of automatic identification and ubiquitous computing – „Internet of things“ • highly connected network • dispersed devices, objects, items can communicate each other • real-time information about objects, location, contents, destination, ambient conditions • efficient and easy M2M identification, communication and decision-making • Handheld portable devices – mobile phones, PDAs – behaves as RFID readers and tags • conventional RFID closer to common user

Smartphone Operating Systems Landscape Notes: 1. Artificially low given the wait for the 3G iPhone (5.3% market share in Q1) Source: Shasta Ventures, 2008

Traditional WAP/SMS/MMS Services • Information and entertainment services & applications • Example: ringtones, pictures, wallpapers, logos, news, weather, sport, games, finance, directory, horoscopes • Not regulated P2P SMS/MMS Portal/Walled Garden and 3G Premium Rate Services • Peer to peer communications • Not regulated • Music, video, TV services, games, lifestyle, sport, news and info, guide and directories, user generated • Age restricted services e.g. Planet 3’s “Premier” • Example: mobisodes, video clips, • BigBrother live footage, music videos • Regulated by: • Mobile Premium Services • Determination (ACMA) • Voice or facsimile calls to the 190x number range • Regulated by: TISSC Self Regulatory Scheme • SMS and MMS calls to the 19x number range (e.g. competition entries and voting for interactive TV) - Regulated by: Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA) • Telephone sex services – • Regulated by: Part 9A of TCPSSA 1999 Interactive Communications Services Mobile TV • Chat services (e.g. Fast Flirting, Power Chat), Instant messaging (e.g. MSN, Yahoo!) • Regulated by: Mobile Premium Services Determination (ACMA) • Location Based Services (Sensis mobile); • Push to talk • Flagged for regulation in convergent devices review. Mobile Internet • Regulated by: Mobile Premium • Services Determination (ACMA) and BSA • Stored content • Schedule 5 BSA and IIA Code. • Flagged in convergent devices review • Ephemeral/live content – e.g. streaming video • Not Regulated (BigBrother) Types of Mobile Services (Software) Telstra in confidence

Waves of Applications Multimedia • Mobile Multimedia: • Instant Interactive multimedia • Video Messaging/Streaming • Enriched Personalized Services • Personalized Services: • Instant Messaging/MMS • Infotainment • Location Based Services • m Commerce Infrastructure Focus Applications Focus Mobile Data Service Maturity • Enhanced Mobile Browsing: • Internet • Intranet/Extranet • UMTS is Perceived • as a continuum from • 2.5G • Richer Content • Better User Experience • UMTS is Perceived • as a continuum from • 2.5G • Richer Content • Better User Experience Simple Text Messaging (SMS) Internet Browsing (WAP) GSM UMTS GPRS Source: Nortel networks

Motorola T720 Email, EMS WAP, Colour Screen Panasonic-SGH T100 WAP, Colour Screen, 87 gram Mitsbishi –Mondo Mobile phone & PDA, Windows CE applications Size 130 x 90 x 23mm Weight 200g Palm- Treo $ 299 16Mb memory Email, calendar… Hiptop 16Mb memory Email, calendar, camera optional Terminals Diversity • Open apps to terminals model • Diversity to suit all market segments • New Capabilities • Learn from WAP and GPRS Errors! • Value Add comes from Content and Applications • Terminals are just the mediator Source: Nortel networks

Trend: Data Applications Market • Key to successful data offering: • Appropriate Applications to Terminals Pairing • Culture, evolution of past user experiences • Business Model : Content players need to be motivated to join the value chain (Open APIs, revenue sharing, etc.) • Applications diversity - New service capabilities in order to enrich the offer: MMS & Location based Services • Aggressive offering critical to take off Need : Open Systems (e.g. J2ME), Attractive Pricing, Customised & Terminal Variety Source: Nortel networks

End-User Empowerment in Converging Service Platforms (1) • Redefining the role of Telco: from access to service provider • Enabling new business models (e.g. «prosumers» vs. consumers) • Inter-domain aspects: service provisioning, inter-working • Make services intelligent and easier to use (assist users) Integration with the (Semantic) Web is inevitable for having a common large information pool Semantically enabled smart user interfaces

End-User Empowerment in Converging Service Platforms (2) • Hiding complexity and heterogeneity • Taking benefit of existing variety of services, networks and devices • Opening platform capabilities to 3rd parties • Support multi-vendor, multi-technology middleware platforms • Provide services timely: accelerate creation & delivery of services • Fast service creation • Reduce time-to-market for new services Ontology technology is built to handle heterogeneity and variety Creation, discovery, composition of enablers and services is accelerated on the basis of shared ontologies & semantic techniques

Mobile Ontology Vocabulary project 22 organisa-tions ca. 12M Euro budget

Mobile Ontology Initiative • The initiative: http://ontology.ist-spice.org • for the whole SPICE project and beyond, partially standardised by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) • Used ontology languages: RDF/S, OWL

Service Platform ArchitectureSPICE Layering on the service platform layer, includes IMS.

Mobile Ontology – How People Contributed

Example for Policies Now policies are most often texts that nobody reads.

Motivation: Why Edit Policies? End User Perspective • Personal data and identity managment • „Who is watching me?“, e.g., choose to whom you want to reveal your location and presence and to whom not • Policy awareness, acceptance/rejection • „What is going on?“, „Why?“, e.g., learn about government, finance, legal, business procedures Organizational Perspective • Policy management • „Define, set, communicate, share policies“, e.g., conditions of selling a service at a WWW marketplace B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C, P2P

Policy Acquisition Tool: Architecture

Eshop Policy Modelling Example “We might receive information about you from other sources and add it to our account information.“ Maria a :Customer. Eshop a :Eshop. External_Information_about_Maria a :External_Customer_Information. Marias_Account_at_Eshop a :Eshop_Customer_Account. { Maria :has Marias_Account_at_Eshop. Eshop :receives External_Information_about_Maria } => {External_Information_about_Maria :is_added_to Marias_Account_at_Eshop}

Policy Acquisition Tool (PAT): Starting

PAT: Condition Editing

PAT: New Sentence Added

PAT: Rule Construction is Completed

Policy Creation - Evaluation • 2 case studies • 10 test subjects • more than 200 rule modeling solutions produced and checked for correctness • a human observer at the test-site • questionnaires after the tests

m:Ciudad - Vision • m:Ciudad,a step forward in Mobile User-generated Content and Services. A service infrastructure for the mobile platform for: • Instantaneous, on-the-go service creation and provision. The mobile user as a prosumer:producer, provider and consumer of services and their associated contents. • Fixed-mobile service convergencein a wide sense: one worldwide user-powered content network. • Efficient context utilization. Automatic / manual context-aware content generation and publication. • Discovery, access and mobile-to-mobile communication in a very distributed, volatile platform (such as the mobile one, with the service “not-always-on” paradigm). m:Ciudad micro-services

m:Ciudad – Research Challenges Service Creation On-the-move Service Description Language Ontology template-based service creation; (inter-user service composition from worldwide available services). Service Publication Service deployment; viral service advertising; service sharing; service taxonomy, service usage policies. Event-based content capturing (context-aware); Local and remote content & context tools; automatic tagging; content taxonomies. Filling Contents & Tagging Accounting & Billing Semantic / fuzzy search; distributed recommendation; user-term driven service/content search. Translation from folksonomy to service ontology. Search & Discover Contents IMS role; SIM/USIM role; seamless roaming treatment; QoS; Security. User Experience, incl. trust Access & Connect Service execution environments; service business models; service business protection, rich user interfacing. Business models, privacy, identification, dynamic billing.

m:Ciudad – Underlying Magic Usermanagement Servicewarehouse N E TW O R K Knowledgewarehouse Execution Environment Operating System T E RM I N A L Services ServiceCapabilities CapabilitiesManagement

„What is a microservice?“ • Logic • Metadata • „Meta-metadata“ • Content(Parameters, Instantiation) • Presentation „Exposable“ parts are modelled semantically

Microservices: Architectural Building Blocks mCiudad Framework / Platform Service Exec Env (Browser ?) Authoring/ composition toolkit Authentication, (policy-based) access control Group mgmt Accounting Notification Service Rule / Policy controller My Service Metropolis (registry ?) Service publisher + Metadata creation ServWare and components Media storage KnowWare • access rights/certifcates • pre-condition/policy enforcement • SDL conformance • user # limitation Serv lifecycle / State Mgr persistant DB Service Search & discovery • service state (active/busy/comm) • sleep/resume, TTL • event log Ontology parsing engine Search engine Capabilities GPS Context & profile manager Messaging Data Flow Mgr • asynchronous push/pull • P2P pipe/flow/syndication • notification mgmt sensors Service availability tracker Recommender / relevance ranking

Policies: Dilbert Example

Policies: Eshop Example Policy Acquisition Tool Ehop manager works for a Eshop, creates Eshop policies and communicates them to customers,applies Eshop policies for userprofile management Maria likes to shop, likes special offers, does not like to disclose her personal data

Mobile Services – Towards Semantics