China

1. China

2. Middle/Central Kingdom • Technologically advanced, complex educational system, literate, enormous population, political institutions absorb periphery • All others culturally/economically less developed nationalism • Even conquerors have to become Chinese to rule (Manchus) • Assumed Westerners (also inferior) could be dealt with the same way: failure collapse dynastic system

3. Humiliation and Self-Strengthening • Britain: trade imbalance w/China (tea, silk) cotton + opium exports 1839: Emperor attempts to enforce ban Opium War (1839-42) • 1st of “Unequal treaties”: cede Hong Kong, open trade, extraterritoriality, most-favored-nation status • Taiping Rebellion (1851-64): “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”—create legendary ancient state in which the peasantry owned and tilled the land in common; footbinding, judicial torture, slavery, etc. out; armies march to spread the word new Han military force (emperor Qing) 30 million killed • Weakening power reevaluate “Western learning” + graft Western tech onto Chinese institutions= “Self-Strengthening Movement” (1861-1894) • Didn’t adequately understand Western ideas + hampered by Neo-Confucianism= modernization fails • West rushes in; 1899 “Open Door Policy”

5. Sun Yat-Sen and the Republic • Three Principles of the People : "nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood." • Nationalism: overthrow Manchus + end foreign hegemony • Democracy, popularly elected republican form of government. • People's livelihood (socialism): help common people through regulation of the ownership of the means of production and land • Esp. popular overseas Chinese (Japan, US) • Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT--the National People's Party; Nationalist Party) • 1911: Revolution begins; disintegrates dictatorship warlordism

6. May Fourth Movement / New Culture Movement (1917-1923) • Student uprisings in 4 May 1919 (WWI sell-out to Japan) rekindle revolution • Advocating range from complete Westernization to communism • Mao Zedong becomes a Marxist • China split: Northern warlords, southern KMT • Soviets support Sun’s anti-Western imperialism; also backs rival Chinese Communist Party Comintern orders CCP work w/KMT • 1925: Sun dies, replaced by Chiang Kai-shek turns on CCP after taking control of control • Mao : 1927 Autumn Harvest Uprising • 1928-37: KMT consolidation

7. Mao and the Peasants • Marx: peasants counter-revolutionary • Mao: only hope • Comintern backs urban uprisings fail Mao prestige • KMT attempting to wipe out CCP Long March, 1934: 100,000 travel 12,500 kilometers through 11 provinces, 18 mountain ranges, and 24 rivers • 8,000 survive

8. Japan • 1931: Manchuria Incident • 1936: KMT + CCP united front against Japanese • Red Army known for guerilla warfare to defend peasants • Membership explodes: 1937 100,000  1945 1.2 million • 1937: Rape of Nanking

9. Japanese textbooks and Chinese protests (2005)

10. Civil War and People’s Republic of China • China major ally in WWII • End unequal treaties • During war US attempted balance, fear USSR back KMT in civil war ($, no men) • People’s Liberation Army wipes out KMT • 1949: Chiang flees to Taiwan (Republic of China; wipes out natives: 228 Massacre); two Chinas • Oct. 1 1949: formal establishment PRC • 1950: Korean War initial moderation becomes witch hunt for “enemies of the state” (esp. suspected US agents) • 1951-2: Land Reform + “three anti” (bureaucrats) and “five anti” (bourgeoisie) purges • De-Nazification and De-Baathification

11. Government • USSR + Imperial China structure • Bureaucratic admin., centralized control • “Mass Line”: “from the masses, to the masses”; peasants as revolutionary (contra Marx + Lenin); investigate conditions, listen to ideas, raise consciousness • “Democratic centralism”: members subordinate to org.; minority to majority; lower to higher; gov’t to Party; all to Central Committee • No private/indiv. interest, “people’s democratic dictatorship” no organized opposition (non-CCP parties controlled by CCP; “vanguard of the proletariat”); Party represents objective history (Marxism/Maoism) • “Harmony”: “harmonizing” (e.g. websites) = censorship

12. 1953-57: 1st Five-Year Plan (follow Soviet model): heavy industry and collectivization • Great Leap Forward (1958-60): failure Mao sidelined • Cultural Revolution (1966-76): Mao returns w/”Socialist Education Movement”, “learn from the PLA,” and the Red Brigades • 1973: Deng Xiaoping returns to power; Four Modernizations announced • 1976: Deng removed, radicals regain power; Mao dies moderates back in • 1979: 4 Modernizations implemented economy begins to recover from Mao

13. Current Power Structure • Central Committee • Secretariat (General Secretary; Hu Jintao, 2002 Xi Jinping ‘13) • Politburo + Standing Committee (24 / 9) • Central Military Commission (chair: Xi ‘12; PLA 3rd “branch” of gov’t) • National People’s Congress [every 5 years; “one party two factions”: Shanghai clique (rich, urban) and populist coalition (rural, Communist Youth League); complementary, expertise, unity achieved through patronage] • President of the PRC (1982 Constitution; Xi ‘13) • State Council (top People’s Government; Premier: Wen Jiabao Li Keqiang ‘13) • Party “bound” by PRC Constitution, “rule by law”

14. Power = connections (Deng Xiaoping post-”resignation”); Party networks; jobs • BUT: ideology, desire to travel overseas • Young Pioneers Communist Youth League • Shut down in Cultural Revolution, replaced by Red Guards • Requires nomination existing member, testing/assessment + probation period • 70+ million members (largest party in world) • Only 17% of members are women and 78% are over 35 years old, though efforts are under way to broaden its membership and attract more young people