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DNA

Explore the fascinating world of DNA traits and functions, from physical features passed down through generations to the structure and replication of DNA. Learn about the role of genes and chromosomes, base pairing rules, and the processes of transcription and translation. Discover how DNA determines the production of proteins and plays a fundamental role in the central dogma of biology.

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. Traits • A physical feature, or characteristic, a living thing can pass on to its young. • Ex. Blood type, Eye color, Hair color, Facial features, and your body build…

  3. Genes • Coded info that determines traits. • A region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic.

  4. Chromosomes • carries the genes that control traits.

  5. DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic acid

  6. Structure of DNA Double Helix

  7. What are the building blocks? • Nucleotides – joined by strong covalent bonds • Nucleotides composed of: • Phosphate group • Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar • One of four Nitrogenous bases • Adenine • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine

  8. Base Pairing Rules • Adenine = Thymine • Guanine = Cytosine

  9. Functions of DNA • Replication – DNA makes DNA • Transcription – DNA makes RNA • Translation – RNA makes Proteins

  10. DNA Replication • The helix unwinds • DNA unzips - nucleotides separate as hydrogen bonds break • Free nucleotides base pair with both nucleotide chains • 2 identical DNA molecules result

  11. DNA Replication

  12. Leading Strand – continuous replication • Lagging strand – discontinuous replication

  13. figure 11-07b.jpg

  14. Semi Conservative Replication Each old DNA strand gets a new strand

  15. DNA vs. RNA

  16. Transcription • DNA unwinds and unzips. • RNA nucleotides base pair with the DNA master strand • Uracil bonds with Adenine • Cytosine with Guanine. • RNA strand separates and moves to the cytoplasm • DNA zips back up

  17. Reverse Transcription • HIV – retrovirus • Makes DNA replica of its own RNA • Viral DNA joins normal DNA of host • Directs production of new virus particles

  18. RetroTranscription.jpg‎ (

  19. 3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA tRNA – transfer RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA

  20. mRNA • Messenger RNA – single strand coded from the DNA master strand. • Contains a three base sequence – codon • Codon – codes for a specific amino acid

  21. tRNA • Transfer RNA – contains sequence of three bases – anticodon • anticodon – which carry a specific amino acid to the mRNA

  22. rRNA • Ribosomal RNA – located in the ribosomes

  23. Translation • The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. • mRNA contains codons (3 nucleotides that code for 1 amino acid) • The tRNA contain three opposite letters called the anticodon. • tRNA carries an amino acid at the other end. • Anti codons base pair with codons • Amino Acids covalently bonded to each other • tRNA is released to get more Amino Acids

  24. .

  25. Central DogmaDNA --------------------RNA ------------------Proteintranscription translation

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