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Sociology 545 Social Psychology

Sociology 545 Social Psychology. Fall 2005. Social Institutions. Definition Basic Considerations The Law and Politics Markets and Economics Education and Mobility Religion and Belief. Social Institutions. Definition:

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Sociology 545 Social Psychology

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  1. Sociology 545Social Psychology Fall 2005

  2. Social Institutions • Definition • Basic Considerations • The Law and Politics • Markets and Economics • Education and Mobility • Religion and Belief

  3. Social Institutions • Definition: “Structures in society, manifested as groups of social positions and associated social relations, invested with legitimate authority, that serve to maintain and carry out essential social functions and perpetuate the social order. “

  4. Social Institutions Basic Considerations • All institutions are structures composed of social groups. • A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of statuses. • All statuses are reflected in role behavior • Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their occupants. • Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.

  5. Social Institutions The Law and Politics

  6. Social Institutions (Law and Politics) Approaches to Deviance • Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Strain) • Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the means • Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling) • Attributions via sanctioned legal process

  7. Social Institutions (Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure) Court System Federal: - The Supreme Court (1 @ 9) - Court of Appeals (11 @ 3) - District Courts (94 @ 1) - Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1) State: - Superior (58 @ 1) merged with municipal in 2001

  8. Social Institutions (Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure) State Court System • Superior Court (58 @ 1) • One for each county • Municipal Court • Merged with Superior Courts in 2001

  9. Social Institutions (Law and Politics) The Criminal Process • Arrest • Preliminary Hearing • Arraignment • Pre-Trial Hearings • Trial • Verdict • Sentencing • Incarceration • Parole

  10. Social Institutions (Law and Politics) Social Psychological Considerations • Arrest and Arraignment • Memory / Cognitive consistency • Pre-Trail and Trial Judgments • Attribution of cause / Distributive Justice • Sentencing Practices • Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation states

  11. Social Institutions Markets and Economics

  12. Social Institutions (Markets and Economics ) Approaches to Markets • Structure (Adam Smith - Supply/Demand) • Production, Distribution & Consumption • Process (Arrow – Rational Choice) • Interpersonal Utility. Risk Preference

  13. Social Institutions (Markets and Economics) • Disintermediation and The Monetary System: • The Federal Reserve – 13 Districts • Debt – Banks / Bonds • Equity – Stocks / VC

  14. Social Institutions(Markets and Economics) Social Psychological Considerations • Production, Distribution & Consumption • Utility / Exchange Equity • Risk Preference • Opportunity Costs / Comparison Level • GNP • Generalized Exchange

  15. Social Institutions (Markets and Economics) • Risk Preference Salience Reward Value CL Risk

  16. Social Institutions(Markets and Economics) • Money and Meaning: Earned Income • Wages, Salaries Unearned Income • Dividends, Interest Capital Gains • Real & Personal Property Taxes To 40% To 77% To 28%

  17. Social Institutions Education and Mobility

  18. Social Institutions(Education and Mobility) Structure (Status Attainment Model) • Parents Status, Education & 1st Job status Family SES Ambition Education Ability Grades

  19. Social Institutions(Education and Mobility) Social Psychological Considerations • Attribution and achievement • Status Characteristics and Success Attribution • Costs, Reward & Delayed Gratification • Delay as Dissonance Reduction • Role Modeling • Role Self Merger

  20. Social Institutions(Education and Mobility) Process (Soc Psych Model) Role Modeling Delayed Gratification Family SES Ambition Education Ability Grades Self Attribution

  21. Social Institutions Religion and Belief

  22. Social Institutions(Religion and Belief) • Structure • Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies) • Bound by Symbols, Belief and Ritual Symbols Organizations Ritual Beliefs However, cognitive mediation => disassociation from task => rise of denominations and ultimately cults and sects, where the membership is based more on the beliefs, symbols and ritual than on the organizational membership.

  23. Social Institutions(Religion and Belief) Social Psychological Considerations • Belief • Dissonance Reduction • Symbols • Significant Symbols • Ritual • Intermittent Reinforcement / Reward

  24. Social Institutions(Religion and Belief) • Process (Soc Psych Model) S-I’s Significance Intermittent Rewards Symbols Ritual Organization Beliefs Dissonance Reduction

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