Post Civil War Years

1. Post Civil War Years Unit 6

2. The student will identify legal, political, and social dimension of Reconstruction. • a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. • b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. • c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. • d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. • e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction

3. The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction • a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business. • b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor. • c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies • d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life

4. The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth • a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America. • b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers. • c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee. • d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest.

5. Presidential Reconstruction • Lincoln introduced a plan for rebuilding rather than punishing the South. • Andrew Johnson became president; he was a southerner and former slave owner, so he was sympathetic to the South. • He followed his own plan for reconstruction similar to Lincoln’s plan SSUSH 10a

6. Presidential Reconstruction • Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were pardoned. (Forgiven of any crimes against the U.S.) • Former Confederate States could hold constitutional conventions to set up state governments. • States had to void secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery • Once the 13th Amendment was ratified, states could hold elections and be a part of the Union SSUSH 10a

7. Presidential Reconstruction • Johnson enacted his plan while Congress was out of session. • Southern States enacted Black Codes • Black Codes were laws that limited the rights of freed blacks so much that they basically kept them as slaves. • Congress came into session unhappy! SSUSH 10a

8. Radical Reconstruction • Congress did not believe Johnson’s approach did not to enough because it did not offer Blacks full citizenship • Congress felt they should be in control of Reconstruction • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867; commonly known as Radical Reconstruction SSUSH 10a

9. Radical Reconstruction • The southern states were put under military rule. • States had to hold new constitutional conventions • Southerners who supported the confederacy were not allowed to vote (temporarily) • Had to guarantee the right to vote to African Americans • Had to ratify the 14th Amendment, which made African Americans citizens SSUSH 10a

10. Civil War Amendments • 13th Amendment – abolished slavery in the United States • 14th Amendment – defined a citizen; guaranteed that no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process • 15th Amendment – no citizen can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude SSUSH 10c

11. Johnson’s Impeachment • Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act – to prohibit President from firing government officials • Johnson fired the Secretary of War because he disagreed with him over reconstruction. • Congress accused Johnson of violating the law and voted to impeach him SSUSH 10e

12. Johnson’s Impeachment • The Senate failed to convict Johnson by one vote • This would have set a dangerous precedent for Congress to impeach a president over political differences. SSUSH 10e

13. Farming and the Freedman’s Bureau • Former slaves turned to sharecropping in order to survive. • Sharecropping – a family farmed a portion of a white landowners property in return for housing and a share of the crop. • Sharecroppers who worked for an honest landowner advanced to tenant farming. • Tenant Farming- farmer paid rent to farm the land and kept the profits from his crop. SSUSH 10b

14. Farming and the Freedman’s Bureau • Both the tenant farmers and sharecroppers were at the mercy of the landowner. • Both systems were designed to keep African Americans working white-owned land. • In an effort to help the freed slaves, Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau SSUSH 10b

15. Freedman’s Bureau • The first federal relief agency in U.S. history. • Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and in some cases land. • It ended in 1869, but it did help many slaves transition to freedom throughout the south. SSUSH 10b

16. Education and the Church • The desire for freedom and the need for community support led to the rise of African American Churches. • Churches became the center of African American social and political life. • African American ministers came to be seen not only as spiritual shepherds but as political/ social leaders as well SSUSH 10b

17. Morehouse College • 1867, group formed a school to train African American men to be ministers and teachers. • Eventually became the Atlanta Baptist Seminary and later Atlanta Baptist College • 1913 the name was changed to Morehouse College; one of the most prestigious colleges in the nation • Known as the “Black Harvard” SSUSH 10b

18. White Resistance • Under Radical Reconstruction, black codes lost much of their power. • Whites resisted giving blacks equal rights and some resorted to violence • Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious group. • Klan practiced lynchings and other acts of violence • Some of their goals have changed but the Klan still exists today SSUSH 10d

19. White Resistance • Southerners grew bitter towards the Union and those who profited from Reconstruction • Carpetbaggers were seen as people taking advantage of southern suffering to make money. • They carried bags made of carpet like material – thus the name. • Scalawags were southerners who supported reconstruction – this group was targeted for persecution by groups like the KKK SSUSH 10d

20. The End of Reconstruction • Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the election of Rutherford B. Hayes. • African American lost the small gains they had made during reconstruction. • Southern States passed “Jim Crow” laws that enforced segregation • Many states by passed the 15th amendment by using literacy tests and poll taxes as a condition to vote SSUSH 10d

21. The End of Reconstruction • To allow poor, uneducated whites to vote, states instituted “grandfather clauses” • These clauses exempted citizens from literacy tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had voted in previous elections or had served in the Confederate army or navy • This eliminated African Americans in politics and maintained a ‘solid south’ for the Democrats for more than a century SSUSH 10d

22. Industrial Growth Post Civil War

23. Railroads and the West • Railroads played a major role in the industrial growth and expansion after the Civil War. • Railroads made life out west possible by allowing farmers and ranchers access to eastern markets and resources. • Railroads also made it easier for people too move west and populate territories. SSUSH 11b

24. Transcontinental Railroad • Congress coordinated an effort to build a transcontinental railroad. • The Union Pacific (an eastern company) and the Central Pacific (a western company) joined their tracks in Utah in 1869 with a gold spike. • The completion of the transcontinental railroad would not have been possible without thousands of Irish and Chinese immigrants. • Immigrants were often victims of racism and abuse because of their Asian features, cultural differences, and distinct dress.

25. Railroads and Big Business • Railroads also contributed to the rise of the steel industry and big business. • 1850s, Henry Bessemer developed a new method for making steel known as the Bessemer process. • Manufacturers could make steel much cheaper than before, so steel became more affordable.

26. Railroads and Big Business • Steel becomes an integral part of the nation’s economy • Buildings could not be built taller – skyscrapers • Railroads became a practical and economical way to ship sizeable products over land. • Resources and finished goods could be shipped to locations anywhere there was railroads. • Shipping goods and resources in a timely manner became a major component of big business. (TIME ZONES)

27. Giants of Big Business • Some people became rich in developing the railroad industry. Because some did so in a crooked manner, they became known as the “robber barons” • Robber barons came to be indentified with wealthy entrepreneurs in other industries. • 1869, Cornelius Vanderbilt extended his New York Central railroad to reach Chicago; people were able to travel non-stop

28. Giants of Big Business • Andrew Carnegie founded U.S. Steel and sold it to J.P. Morgan for $500 million. • This made Carnegie the richest man in the world at the time. • Carnegie becomes well known for his charitable work and philanthropic endeavors.

29. Giants of Big Business • This most important name associated with big business is John D. Rockefeller. • He founded Standard Oil Company, which was the nations’ first trust • Trust unite different companies into one system. • Trust exists to destroy competition and create monopolies (a market in which there is only one supplier of a product)

30. John D. Rockefeller • He was able to dictate prices, eliminate competition and control the U.S. oil industry. • He used vertical integration: a business strategy in which one corporation owns not only the company that produces the finished product, but also the companies that provide the materials needed for production.

31. Thomas Edison • 19th Century saw many inventions introduced to American. • Thomas Edison was the most impactful inventor of the time. • 1877, he invented the phonograph, later the motion picture camera. • His most important was the electric light bulb. SSUSH 11d

32. Thomas Edison • Before Electric light bulbs, people were limited to working only daylight hours or by dim candle/oil lamp light • People could do more work after dark in factories, offices, and homes. • He also came up with the idea of central power companies to provide electrical power to customers • His company, founded in 1882, Con-Edison still supplies electricity to New York City

33. Western Growth

34. Reasons for Moving West • In the years leading up to and following the Civil War, settlers moved west, causing a population boom. • Some went west for religious reasons to spread the news of Jesus Christ to the Indians. • The Mormons moved west to escape Religious persecution and founded Utah

35. Reasons for Moving West • Gold Rush of 1849 led to early statehood for California • Available land also drew people west • Congress opened up more land for settlement in 1889

36. Oklahoma Land Rush • 50,000 people gathered at the Oklahoma border waiting for a gun shot to announce the opening. • Featured people on horseback, bicycles, in wagons, and on foot all surging forward to stake their claim • Some jumped the gun to get ahead and get there “sooner” • Hence Oklahoma is nicknamed the Sooner state.

37. Farming, Ranching, and Mining • Settlers in the west had to adapt to terrain different from the East. • Lacking wood, settlers had to build and live in sod houses; sod was very strong and durable. • Many technological advances made western farming possible;

38. Technological Advances • John Deere designed the first steel plow that enabled farmers to plant crops in the prairie sod. • Wind Mills allowed settlers to pump water from 100 feet deep wells. • Barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence in their land for cattle cheaply. • Railroads created a way for farmers to import needed equipment and export their products to other parts of the nation.

39. Cattle Ranching • Texas settlers learned ranching techniques from the Mexicans who lived there; herding and driving cattle to market. • Texans also copied their dress and culture- cowboy hats and chaps • Rise of cattle ranching contributed to the slaughter of the buffalo that competed for grazing areas. • “Cowtowns” popped up along the rail lines for shipping cattle back east; Cowboys became legendary

40. Mining Industry • Mining became important as discoveries of gold like those in California meant people could attempt to make a fortune. • Mining camps and towns had a reputation of being wild and full of vice (gambling, drinking, prostitution) • Big corporations moved in and the number of independent miners declined over time.

41. Impact on Native Americans

42. Buffalo and Reservations • As more settlers moved west, Native Americans continued to feel the impact. • They used the buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter. • Settlers and trappers killed great numbers of buffalo, and by 1889 only 1,000 were left on the Continent. • Plains Indians could no longer continue their way of life.

43. Buffalo and Reservations • Many Native Americans were forced to relocate to reservations. • Reservations are parcels of land set aside by the federal government for Native Americans. • They would be forcibly removed every time gold was discovered or whites wanted the land. • They became resentful and wars broke out which killed large numbers of Native Americans.

44. Violent Confrontations • 1861, Cheyenne warriors angry that the US had forced them off their land launched several raids on camps and local towns. • US forces surprised 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek killing 270 Indians, mostly women and children. • Many were outraged and under the leadership of Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, the Sioux rose up

45. Battle of Little Bighorn • In 1876, General George Custer attempted to surprise and defeat the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn. • Custer underestimated the size of the enemy’s forces. • The Sioux quickly surrounded the U.S. troops, killing Custer and more than 200 of his men. • This became known as “Custer’s Last Stand” • By 1877, both the Sioux and Cheyenne had surrendered and were relocated to reservations.

46. Wounded Knee • The last notable armed conflict between U.S. Troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee, S.D.. • The Sioux had developed a ritual called the Ghost Dance that they believed would bring back the buffalo, return the Natives to their land, and banish the white man from the earth.

47. Wounded Knee • U.S. forces believed that Sitting Bull was using the Ghost Dance to incite an uprising, so they sent in the army to arrest him. • A gunfight broke out killing 14 including Sitting Bull • They eventually killed 150 unarmed Native American men, women, and children.

48. Urban Growth and Immigration

49. Urban Growth • From the end of the Civil war to the turn of the 20th century, the size of U.S. cities increased rapidly. • When cities increase in size it is called urban growth. • Western cities grew from nothing as railroads took hold. • Eastern cities grew as a result of industrialization and the jobs it created.

50. Immigration • The late 19th century also saw a dramatic increase in immigration to the U.S. • In the east, most new arrivals came from Europe, while on the west coast, many came from China. • Industrialization in the east and building railroads in the west caused the influx of many immigrants.