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Mass Balances

Mass Balances. Fundamental Principle of (Dynamic) Mass Balances.

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Mass Balances

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  1. Mass Balances

  2. Fundamental Principle of (Dynamic) Mass Balances The rate at which something accumulates in a region of interest (a “control volume”) equals the net rate at which it enters by physical movement plus the net rate at which it is generated inside the control volume by chemical reactions.

  3. Processes for Transport Across the Boundaries of an Aquatic System • Advection: Bulk flow, carrying the substance of interest with it • Molecular Diffusion: Random thermal kinetic motion, leads to net transport down a concentration gradient • Dispersion: Random motion of small packets of fluid, leading to same result as molecular diffusion, but usually faster

  4. The Mass Balance in Words Rate of change of the amount of i stored within the system (rate of accumulation) =Net rate (in - out) at which i enters byadvection + Net rate (formation - destruction) at which i is created by chemical reaction

  5. Well-Mixed, Fixed Volume: Steady State: The ‘Storage’ or ‘Accumulation’ Term Special Cases

  6. Batch system: The Advective Term Special Case

  7. The Reaction Term

  8. Non-reactive Substance (Conservative Tracer): The Reaction Term Special Cases nth-order Reaction Dependent Only on ci:

  9. The Overall Mass Balancefor Constant-Volume Systems

  10. Hydraulic Characteristicsof Reactors

  11. Q, cin Q, cout L x • All parcels of fluid have identical residence time: Idealized Model Reactors • Limiting Case #1. Unidirectional advection with no mixing: A Plug Flow Reactor (PFR). Often used to model rivers, pipe flow, settling basins, disinfection processes.

  12. Output t Anticipated Tracer Output for a Pulse Input to a PFR Input Concentration 0 Time

  13. Output t Anticipated Tracer Output from Step Input to a PFR Input Concentration 0 Time

  14. More Realistic Tracer Profiles after a Pulse Input into a PFR-Like Reactor Concentration

  15. Idealized Model Reactors Limiting Case #2. Advection with intense mixing: a Completely Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR, CMFR, CFSTR, CMR). Often used to model lakes, reservoirs, flocculation basins. Q, Cin V Q, Cout • All parcels of fluid have identical chance of exiting in any instant, so they have a wide range of residence times; still =V/Q

  16. CSTR Response to a Pulse Input of Tracer, Steady Flow Evaluate fromt = 0+to Q, Cin Q, Cout • Constant V, Q • cin = 0 (at t>0+) • ci = ci,out • No reaction

  17. CSTR Response to Pulse Input

  18. CSTR Response to Pulse Input

  19. CSTRs-in-Series: Response to a Pulse Input of Tracer

  20. Representing Intermediate Degrees of Mixing • PFR with Dispersion: Zero dispersion is PFR; increasing dispersion increases mixing; infinite dispersion is a CSTR • CSTRs in Series: Increasing N (keeping V and Q constant) segregates (conceptual) segments of reactor and decreases mixing; as N increases, overall mixing decreases, and reactor becomes more PFR-like

  21. Summary of Key Points • Reactor hydraulics can be characterized by the range of residence times of entering water ‘packets’ • Ideal, limiting cases include PFRs (no mixing) and CSTRs (infinite mixing) • For both CSTRs and PFRs, the average residence time, t, is V/Q. For PFRs all the fluid spends time t in the reactor; for CSTRs, different packets of fluid spend different amounts of time in the reactor, but the average is t

  22. Summary of Key Points • Conformity to a limiting case can be assessed by a pulse or step input test combined with a mass balance analysis • Intermediate mixing can be modeled as dispersion and/or CSTRs in series

  23. Designing and Evaluating Systems in which Chemical Reactions are Occurring

  24. Extent of Reaction in a Batch Reactor

  25. 1st-Order Reaction in a Batch Reactor • In a disinfection process, bacterial kill follows the first-order reaction expression:rX=-(1.38 min-1)cX. How long is required for 99% disinfection?

  26. Extent of Reaction in a CSTR at Steady State

  27. 1st-Order Reaction in a CSTR at Steady State • What average residence time is required for the same, 99% kill of bacteria, if the reactor is a CSTR? If the flow rate is 1.5 m3/min, how large must the reactor be?

  28. Extent of Reaction in a PFR at Steady State Because a PFR is essentially a batch reactor on a conveyor belt, the extent of reaction in a PFR with a given detention time is identical to the extent of reaction over an equivalent time period in a batch reactor.

  29. A contaminant decomposes according to the rate expression: ri=-kci0.5, with k=750(mol/L)0.5/s. What residence time is required in a PFR to reduce ci from 10-3 to 10-4 mol/L?

  30. Summary of Key Points • The extent of reaction that occurs in a reactor depends on both the intrinsic reaction rate and the hydraulics. The net result can be obtained by applying appropriate parameter values and appropriate assumptions to a mass balance on the reactant. • PFRs are identical to batch reactors moving through space. • The instantaneous dilution of reactants in a CSTR causes those reactors to be less efficient than PFRs or batch reactors

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