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Organic Chemistry Basics

Organic Chemistry Basics. Chapter 3. Organic compounds. Carbon covalently bonded to each other and other atoms Originally thought only found in living things Wide diversity in compounds: more than 5 million have been identified Macromolecules : cells make large molecules from smaller ones.

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Organic Chemistry Basics

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  1. Organic Chemistry Basics Chapter 3

  2. Organic compounds • Carbon covalently bonded to each other and other atoms • Originally thought only found in living things • Wide diversity in compounds: more than 5 million have been identified • Macromolecules: cells make large molecules from smaller ones

  3. Properties of Carbon • 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds • Can form bonds with itself • Carbon to carbon bonds are strong but not unbreakable, making them good for structural components • Carbon can also form double and triple bonds with itself • Carbon can form straight or branched chains as well as rings

  4. Isomers • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures • Do not have identical physical or chemical properties • Three types: • Structural – different covalent arrangement • Geometric– different spatial arrangement • Enantiomers– mirror images of each other

  5. Structural isomers Geometric isomers Enantiomers

  6. Hydrocarbons • Carbon + hydrogen • Nonpolar • Tend to be hydrophobic • Hydrogen atoms can be replaced with a functional group • Polar and ionic functional groups are hydrophilic

  7. Functional groups • Hydroxyl group: R-OH • Alcohols • Carbonyl group: carbon to oxygen double bond • Aldehyde: • R-CHO (at end of C skeleton) • Ketone: • R-CO-R (internal carbonyl group) ethanol

  8. Functional groups… • Carboxyl group: R-COOH • Amino group: R-NH2 • Both essential in amino acids • Phosphate group: R-PO4H2 • Part of DNA backbone • Sulfhydryl group: R-SH • Thiols – important in proteins

  9. Polymers • Formed by linking small organic molecules together • Example: 20 different amino acids form thousands of different proteins • Hydrolysis reactions (‘break with water’) • Breaks apart a polymer • Condensation reactions (‘remove water’) • Joins monomers into a polymer • In biological systems these are regulated by different enzymes.

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