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Topic : Genetics Aim : Explain the basic principles of genetics.

Topic : Genetics Aim : Explain the basic principles of genetics. Do Now : Take out your metamorphosis ISA. HW : Genetics Reading notes due tomorrow. Identify structure X. Support your answer. Describe the function of the structure X. Why do the sperm nuclei travel into the ovules?

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Topic : Genetics Aim : Explain the basic principles of genetics.

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  1. Topic: Genetics Aim: Explain the basic principles of genetics. Do Now: Take out your metamorphosis ISA. HW: Genetics Reading notes due tomorrow.

  2. Identify structure X. Support your answer. • Describe the function of the structure X. • Why do the sperm nuclei travel into the ovules? • Describe what occurs to the flower once all eggs in the ovary are fertilized. Pollen tube • Enables POLLEN (sperm nuclei) to travel into the ovary. • For fertilization. • Ovules turn into seeds. • Ovaries turn into fruit.

  3. Identify all structures labeled in the diagram. • Describe the function of structure C. seed coat B embryo A Stores food for embryo C cotyledon

  4. An adaptation for reproduction in most terrestrial organisms is • regeneration • internal fertilization • mitosis • external fertilization

  5. External fertilization occurs most often in • mammals and birds • reptiles and birds • amphibians and reptiles • fish and amphibians

  6. Which represents binary fission? Support your answer.

  7. 1. Identify the founder of genetics. • Gregor Mendel

  8. 2. Identify the organism Mendel investigated. • Pea plants

  9. 3. Identify what Mendel investigated? • Genetic inheritance

  10. Identify the traits Mendel observed when working with pea plants. A B F C D G E

  11. 4. Explain what a Punnett Square is used for. • To predict the probability and outcome of genetic inheritance

  12. 5. Identify what genes consist of. • Alleles or alternate forms of the same gene B Gene A C Replicated chromosome DNA

  13. Identify the two alleles for eye color in fruit flies. • How many alleles are necessary for this trait?

  14. 6. How are alleles expressed? • As dominantOR recessive

  15. 7. Describe genotype. • The genetic makeup of an organism.

  16. 8. Describe phenotype. • The observed characteristics of an organism.

  17. 9. Identify some examples of phenotype. • Color • Shape • Size • Behavior

  18. 10. Describe the relationship between phenotype and genotype. (What does phenotype depend on?) • Phenotype depends on genotype. Bb Brown

  19. Explain the meaning of this statement.

  20. 11. How many alleles represent the genes for a trait? • TWO Gene from dad Gene from mom

  21. 12. Identify the letter representing a dominant gene. 13. Identify the letter representing a recessive gene. • Capitalletter • B • Lower case letter • b

  22. 14. Describe what a homozygouspair of alleles consists of. • 2 alleles or genes that are the same • Ex: BB or bb

  23. 15. Identify the pair of alleles that consist of two dominant genes. • Homozygous dominant • Ex: BB

  24. 16. Identify the pair of alleles that consist of two recessive genes. • Homozygous recessive • Ex: bb

  25. 17. Identify what a heterozygouspair of alleles consists of. • One dominant and one recessive gene • Ex: Bb

  26. 18. Identify another term with the same meaning as heterozygous. • Hybrid

  27. 19. When will a dominant gene be expressed? • It is always expressed unless there are two recessive genes. • Ex: • BB • Bb

  28. 20. When will a recessive gene be expressed? • When there are two recessive genes. • Ex: bb

  29. The allele for brown eyes is dominant. The allele for blue eyes is recessive. Why does Bb combination result in brown eyes and not blue?

  30. 1. The trait for heightin pea plants can be represented by using the letter “T.” T represents the allele for talland t represents the allele for short. • What do we call the genotypefor TT? b. What is the phenotypefor TT? c. What do we call the genotypefor tt? d. What is the phenotypefor tt? e. What do we call the genotypefor Tt? f. What is the phenotypefor Tt? Homozygous dominant Tall Homozygous recessive short Heterozygous tall

  31. 2. The trait for seed color in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “G.” G represents the allele for green seedsand g represents the allele for yellow seeds. • What do we call the genotypefor gg? b. What is the phenotypefor gg? c. What do we call the genotypefor Gg? d. What is the phenotypefor Gg? e. What do we call the genotypefor GG? f. What is the phenotypefor GG? Homozygous recessive yellow Heterozygous green Homozygous dominant green

  32. 3. The trait for seed shape in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “R.” Rrepresents the allele for round seedsand rrepresents the allele for wrinkled seeds. • What do we call the genotypefor rr? b. What is the phenotypefor rr? c. What do we call the genotypefor Rr? d. What is the phenotypefor Rr? e. What do we call the genotypefor RR? f. What is the phenotypefor RR? Homozygous recessive wrinkled Heterozygous Round Homozygous dominant Round

  33. 4. The trait for flower color in pea plants can be represented by using the letter “P.” Prepresents the allele for purple flowers and prepresents the allele for white flowers. • What do we call the genotypefor pp? b. What is the phenotypefor pp? c. What do we call the genotypefor Pp? d. What is the phenotypefor Pp? e. What do we call the genotypefor PP? f. What is the phenotypefor PP? Homozygous recessive White flowers Heterozygous Purple Homozygous dominant Purple

  34. Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is the observed characteristics. Conclusion Questions: • Contrast genotype and phenotype. 2. Contrast a homozygous pair of alleles and heterozygous pair of alleles. 3. Identify the 3 possible genotype combinations (NAMES, NOT LETTERS) Homoszygous is two of the SAME alleles. Heterozygous are two different alleles. Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant Heterozygous

  35. DOMINANT RECESSIVE F f

  36. DOMINANT RECESSIVE H h

  37. W = widow’s peak w = straight hairline

  38. P = bent pinkie p = straight pinkie (cannot bend inwards)

  39. E = attached earlobes e = unattached earlobes

  40. R = Rolling of the tongue • r = cannot roll tongue

  41. C = Cleft chin c = smooth chin

  42. D = Dimples d = Without dimples

  43. Let’s summarize… • Explain what is studied in genetics. • Who is the father of genetics? What did he use in his experiments? • How many alleles are needed for every trait? • Explain the difference between a dominant and recessive gene. • Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. • Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous.

  44. Sometimes tens, or even hundreds of genes can play a role in just one trait! Melanin, a brown pigment, is controlled by the following genes: brown-blue gene on chromosome 15 green-blue gene on chromosome 19 Another brown-type gene was also discovered on chromosome 15. Recently, a gene for a brownish yellow pigment, lipofuscin, that appears in amber, green and violet irises was discovered. And there's likely at least one other gene, not yet located, that plays a role in iris color.

  45. Goldfish have 96 chromosomes in each cell while humans only have 46. Dogs have 78 chromosomes. And here’s the real shocker, a fern has 512 chromosomes.

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