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Domain Names

Domain Names. A Brief History of Confusion Stephen Dyer. In the Beginning. The Network Jon Postel Electronic Addresses such as: 1 2 3 4 5   194.23.45.67. A Bit Later. Host File mapped memorable names to addresses:

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Domain Names

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  1. Domain Names A Brief History of Confusion Stephen Dyer

  2. In the Beginning • The Network • Jon Postel • Electronic Addresses such as: 1 2 3 4 5   • 194.23.45.67

  3. A Bit Later • Host File mapped memorable names to addresses: 1   UCLA2   SRI3 UCSB4   UTAH5  BBN6 MIT7 RAND8 SDC9 HARVARD • The number of computers increased

  4. Even Later • So some now familiar 3-letter suffixes were introduced: .com – companies .net – network providers .edu – academic institutions .mil – military .gov – governmental .int – international treaty .org – everything else and all of these had the unspoken “US” with them

  5. The Network spread abroad • In 1985 and 1986, some European names were introduced, including these: .de .fr .uk • Plus another 180-ish two-letter Country-Code domains followed

  6. The ISO 3166 List • The domains were based around the two-letter codes for each country maintained by the ISO - the ISO 3166 list. • Anomalies: GB vs. UK Ukraine .UA .GB and .OZ

  7. RFC 1591 • It is extremely unlikely that any other TLDs will be created. • Concerns about "rights" and "ownership" of domains are inappropriate. It is appropriate to be concerned about "responsibilities" and "service" to the community.

  8. Top Level Domains • GTLD’s Global Top-Level Domains • ccTLD’s, Country Code Top-Level Domains • USTLD’s including originals .gov, .mil etc

  9. Sub-Domains • Began with the logical progression to .org.uk and .net.uk. • Therefore what could be more sensible than .com.uk, .net.uk, .edu.uk, .gov.uk, .mil.uk and .org.uk ??…

  10. Well obviously: .co.uk .ac.uk .nhs.uk .gov.uk .bl.uk .jet.uk .x.uk .me.uk .parliament.uk .police.uk .plc.uk .org.uk .ltd.uk .sch.uk .mod.uk

  11. New mixtures • Further sub-domains introduced: uk.com us.com au.comeu.com • New uses for ccTLDs: .MD .TV etc

  12. ICANN • New GTLDS proposed: .web .go .tel .dir .sex .xxx .fun .art .music .culture .help .shop .cash .home .kids etc. (Actually 33 in total) .NAME, .PRO, .AERO, .MUSEUM, .INFO, .BIZ, .COOP (7 approved)

  13. Rules of ccTLD

  14. Success of ccTLD

  15. Today • .EU • Sunrise Periods • Trademarks • Regulators – Oftel/Ofcom

  16. .EU • The Regulation • The Launch • Languages and Nonsense

  17. Internationalised Domain Names • Up until recently you could register Faberge.com But not: Fabergé.com

  18. Internationalised Domain Names • Special characters including: é, etc are now possible • You can now have .com but strangely you can’t have .

  19. Internationalised Domain Names • Unicode xn—nescaf-gva.com = nescafé.com xn—caf-crme-60ag.com = café-crème.com • Cybersquatting vs. trademarks • Problems: Religions, minorities etc

  20. Summary An epitaph for Domain Name Regulators: He tackled a job that couldn't be done, With a smile, he went right to it. He tackled the job that couldn't be done, And he couldn't do it.

  21. Domain Names A Brief History of Confusion

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