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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. The modern science of taxonomy began in the mid 18 th cent. founded by Carolus Linnaeus Taxonomy: Identifying, naming and classifying of organisms. Systematics: Science dealing with the relationship of organisms to one another.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy • The modern science of taxonomy began in the mid 18th cent. • founded by Carolus Linnaeus Taxonomy: Identifying, naming and classifying of organisms. Systematics: Science dealing with the relationship of organisms to one another. Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of an organism and its relationship to other species.

  2. Phylogenetic tree

  3. Cladistics • Phylogenetic tree is constructed using traits that have been inherited from a common ancestor. • Organisms related by descent are called a clade. • Derived characters: Jaws Lungs Amniotic membrane Hair No tail Bipedal

  4. Phylogenetic Tree from Cladistics Sequence of branching implies order that new traits evolved Most likely hypothesis based on existing evidence

  5. Traditional Taxonomy • Domain (Super kingdom) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  6. Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys Stomachs

  7. Binomial System • Linnaeus proposed a two name Latin system for classification. • Genus: A group of very similar organisms related by common descent from a recent ancestor and sharing similar physical traits. • Species: A specific kind of organism in a genus. A group within a genus that share the same set of structural traits and can successfully interbreed with one another. • Genus and species are italicized with genus capitalized.

  8. Canis familiaris Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: familiaris Common name: Dog

  9. Pandinus imperator

  10. Classifying organisms: Linnaeus: 2 kingdom- Plantae and Animalia Whittaker: 5 kingdom- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Woese: 6 kingdom- Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Woese (1996): 3 domain- Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

  11. Prokaryotes and Protists Chapter 16

  12. Organismal Domains Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • 1-5 um in size • 10X’s more biomass • Wider range of environments • Greater diversity • Single, circular chromosome • Best known as bacteria • Disease causing agents are pathogens • Can live without the other • 10-100 um in size • Membrane bound nucleus and organelles • DNA arranged on multiple chromosomes • Can’t live without prokaryotes

  13. Prokaryotic Shape • Cocci • Spherical and occur in chains or clusters • E.g. streptococcus and staphylococci • Bacilli • Rod shaped and occur singularly, in pairs, or chains • E.g. soil organisms • Various shapes • Vibrios resemble commas • Spirilla are short, rigid helical shapes • Spirochetes are longer, more flexible

  14. Prokaryote External Structure • Cell wall • Bacteria can be gram (+) or gram (-) • (+) simple walls with thicker peptidoglycan (sugar polymer) • (-) more complex walls with less peptidoglycan • Lipids and carbs too that make them more threatening, toxic, and resistant to antibiotics • Capsule • Sticky polysaccharides or proteins to adhere to substrates • Pili • Hairlike appendages for adhesion

  15. Prokaryote Structure

  16. Prokaryotic Structure • Motility • Flagella • Naked protein structure w/o microtubules that moves in a propeller-like motion • Reproduction and adaptation • Divide by binary fission • Speed varies from hours to minutes • Limited by nutrients, competition, predation, and waste build up • Internal Organization • Small genetic rings that aid in resistance called plasmids • Smaller ribosomes • Wide range of methods to obtain nutrients

  17. Prokaryotic Nourishment • Biofilms • Surface coating colonies of prokaryotes • Can be 1 or more species • E.g. dental plaque, UTI’s, or sewer treatment

  18. Archaea • Live where other organisms can’t survive • Extreme halophiles • Salt environments • E.g Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, or sewater evaporating ponds • Extreme thermophiles • Very hot water • E.g ocean vents, or acidic conditions • Methanogens • Anaerobic environments with methane as a waste product • E.g. swamps and GI tracts of animals

  19. Bacterial Types • 9 groups • Proteobacteria • Gram negative • Gram positive • Chlamydias • Spirochetes • Cyanobacteria

  20. Proteobacteria • Alpha (α) • Live in root nodules to fix atmospheric nitrogen • Foreign DNA carriers into crop plant genomes • Gamma (γ) • Photosynthetic • Inhabit animal intestines • E.gSalmonella, Vibriocholerae, and Escheria coli • Delta (δ) • Slime secreting myxobacteria • Can form fruiting bodies for selves when food is scarce • Attacks other bacteria

  21. Actinomycetes • Gram Positive Bacteria • Form colonies of branched chains of cells or are solitary • Found in the soil • Streptomycin • cultured by pharmaceutical companies, • Bacillus anthracis • Form endospores, cell within a cell that dehydrates and lies dormant till more favorable conditions exist • Staphylococcus and streptococcus • Mycoplasmas • Lack cell walls • Tiniest of all known cells

  22. Other Bacterial Phyla • Chlamydias • Live inside eukaryotes • Common cause of blindness (developing countries) and most common STD (United States) • Spirochetes • Spiral through environments by rotating internal filaments • E.gTreponemapallidum(syphilis) and Borreliaburgdorferi(Lyme disease) • Cyanobacteria • Oxygen-generating photosynthesis (only bacteria) • Food for freshwater and marine ecosystems

  23. Bacterial Poisons • Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria • Can exist in the bacteria • Clostridium tetani produces muscle spasms (lockjaw) • Staphylococcus aureuscommon on skin and in nasal passages • Produces several types causing varying problems • Acquired from genetic transfer between species • E. coli benign resident of intestines • Acquires genes that produce harmful effects • Endotoxins are components of gram (-) outer membranes • Released when cell dies or digested by defensive cell • Cause same general symptoms • Neisseriameningitidis(bacterial meningitis) and Salmonella (typhoid fever)

  24. Disease Control • Improvements in sanitation • Water treatment and sewer systems • Antibiotic development • Increase in bacterial resistance • Education • Importance of seeking treatment • Prevention • Biological weapons

  25. Biological Weapons • Inhalation anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) • Manufacture endospores to disperse into air • Once in lungs they multiply and produce exotoxins • Antibiotics kill the bacteria but can’t eradicate from body • Pnemonic plague (Y. pestis) • Airborne as lung tissue is coughed up • Botulinumexotoxin (C. botulinum) • Deadliest poison on earth • Blocks transmission of nerve signals for muscle contraction • Limited availability of antitoxin

  26. Bioremediation • Use of organisms to remove pollutants • Prokaryotic decomposers major force in sewage treatment • Solid sludge from filters added to anaerobe colonies • Transformed into use for fertilizer or landfill • Liquid waste over biofilms remove organic material • Released into bodies of water • Oil spill and mining site clean up

  27. Protists • Structure • Membrane bound nucleus with chromosomes • Other organelles characteristic of eukaryotes • Flagella and cilia in a 9+2 microtubule arrangement • Unicellular (most) • Most found anywhere there’s water • Several arose from secondary endosymbiosis • Symbiosis is a close association between 2 or more species • Endosymbiont is a species that lives within another species

  28. Diplomonads • Heterotrophic • Possibly most ancient lineage • No DNA or electron transport chain • Anaerobic • E.g Giardia intestinalis • Parasite which derives nutrition from living hosts that are injured by it • Waterbourne parasite often ingested from fecal contaminated water

  29. Parabasalids • Heterotrophic • Some energy anaerobically • E.g Trichomonas vaginalis • Travels through reproductive tract • Males and females can be affected, but male symptoms less common • Metronidazole only treatment currently • Resistance is increasing

  30. Euglenozoans • Crystalline rod inside the flagella • Can be heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and pathogenic parasites • E.g Trypanosoma • Causes sleeping sickness • Spread by African tsetse fly • E.g Euglena • Common in pond water

  31. Alveolates • Membrane-enclosed sacs below the plasma membrane • Stabilize cell surface or regulate and ion content • Dinoflagellates • Marine and fresh phytoplankton • Red tide blooms, toxins kill fish and can affect humans • Ciliates • 2 types of nuclei, 1 for daily activities and 1 for reproduction • E.g Paramecium or Stentor • Apicomplexans • Parasites of animals • E.g Plasmodium which causes malaria

  32. Amoebozoans • Move and feed by lobe shaped pseudopodia, temporary extensions of the cell • Parasitic amoebas • Cause dysentery • Slime molds • Organisms found in moist, decaying matter • Spread under favorable conditions, form spore producing structures under less favorable ones • Plasmodium, single multinucleated mass of cytoplasm • Cellular slime molds, solitary until food is scarce

  33. Foraminiferans and Radiolarians • Move and feed by thread like psuedopodia • Forams • Marine and fresh water organisms • Have porous shells of CaCO3 called tests • Psudopodia extend through • Radiolarians • Marine • Internal shell of silica and outer test

  34. Stramenopiles • Multiple ‘hairy’ flagella and a single ‘smooth’ flagellum • Water molds • Decompose dead plants and animals • Can be parasitic (Ireland potato famine) • Diatoms • Glassy cell wall of silica • Fresh and marine organisms • Brown algae • Autotrophic • Commonly called seaweed

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