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wtamu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg

Male Reproductive Condition (Breeding Season). http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland. Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland.

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wtamu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg

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  1. Male Reproductive Condition (Breeding Season) http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg

  2. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

  3. Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland • Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- • Releasing Hormone into Anterior • Pituitary (GnRH) • Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- • Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • into Circulatory System Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004

  4. Stimulation of Testes Development • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulate Testes / Sperm Development • Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Testosterone Production

  5. Spermatogenesis

  6. Bird Sperm Fig. 4-108 in Podulka et al. 2004

  7. Sperm Production Rooster: 7-8 Billion Sperm / Ejaculation

  8. Male Reproductive Anatomy Deferent Duct (Vas Deferens) Seminal Vesicle Papilla

  9. Copulation (Papillae Contact Openings of Oviduct)

  10. “The Long and Winding Road” Oviduct Opening to Infundibulum (Top Speed: < 30 Minutes)

  11. Avian Breeding Systems I) MONOGAMY (One Male PAIRS with One Female during a Given Breeding Season) Greater than 90% All Birds are Normally Monogamous

  12. Avian Monogamy: Why?

  13. “Mr. Mom”

  14. “Mr. Mom”: Northern Mockingbird Female: Builds New Nest Male: Takes Charge of Fledglings

  15. “Mr. Mom”: Australian Malleefowl • Male Build Nest (4 Tons) of Sand, Dirt, Decaying • Vegetation • Male Opens Nest with Each Female Visit • Female Lays Egg, Leaves • Male Regulates Temperature by Adjusting “Compost Heap”

  16. Avian Monogamy: Why? Hypothesis: Males Increase Nest Productivity

  17. Avian Monogamy: Why? Test of Hypothesis: Males Increase Nest Productivity Snow Bunting Fig. 6-37 in Podulka et al. 2003

  18. Avian Monogamy – Length of Pair Bond Song Sparrow – 1 (2-3) Breeding Seasons Dusky Grouse – Copulation Only Ruby-Throated Hummingbird (A Few Days) Royal Albatross (15 Years)

  19. Avian Monogamy – Extended Monogamy Potential Benefits • Secure Better Territory • Start Nesting Earlier • More Effective Cooperation in Breeding • activities Royal Albatross Sandhill Crane * Emperor Penguin Gulls Mute Swan

  20. Avian Monogamy – Extended Monogamy Experienced Couples (vs. New Couples) Black-Legged Kittiwake • Breed Earlier • Lay More Eggs • Raise More Young

  21. EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION (Outside the Pair Bond) Pair-Bond Only 14% of Socially Monogamous Bird Species Studied to Date are Genetically Monogamous (Gill 2007)

  22. EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION (Outside the Pair Bond) On average, more than 11% of Offspring are Sired by Males Other than Social Father (Gill 2007)

  23. Frequency of Extra-Pair Bonds (130 Bird Species) More than 50% of Tree Swallow Nestlings can be Sired by Extra-Pair Copulations Fig. 12-21 in Gill 2007

  24. EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION: Why? (Increased Offspring Quality) • Blue Tits Engage in Extra-Pair Copulations with • Distant, Genetically Different Males. • These Offspring (Heterozygotes) more likely to survive winter than • offspring of Social Mate

  25. Fertilization: Sperm-Storage Tubules EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION(Outside the Pair Bond) Fig. 14-13 in Gill 2007 Fig. 14-17 in Gill 2007

  26. Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Frequent Copulations Large Testes High Quantity Mate Guarding Long Sperm

  27. Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies Dunnock • Male Pecks at Female Cloaca until Competitors Sperm Ejected Fig. 14-10 in Gill 2007

  28. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY 1) Resource Defense Polygyny

  29. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: II) POLYGYNY 1) Resource Defense Polygyny MALE • Win - Win FEMALE • Disadvantage: Less Parental Aid • Advantage: Best Territories, More • Nest Productivity than in Subpar • Territories

  30. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY 2) Female-Defense Polygyny • Male Fights for Control of Clusters of • Nesting Females • Male Dominance Hierarchy Develops • Top Male Involved in 90-100% of Copulations Montezuma Oropendula

  31. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY 3) Lek Polygyny • Males Defend Territories in Lek that • does NOT contain Resources or • Colonies of Females • Evolutionary Basis Unclear • Perhaps Evolves where Resources, • Females not Clumped

  32. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: III) POLYANDRY • Females Defend Territories • Males select Females with Best Territories • Males Incubate Eggs, Raise Young, etc.

  33. AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: III) POLYANDRY Wilson’s Phalarope • Female Directly Defends Male until Male • Accepts Clutch • Female Produces a Second Clutch, then • Attempt to Defend Another Male to • Incubate Eggs, Raise Young • Evolutionary Basis Difficult to Explain

  34. 1 http://www.penguin-quilts.com/IMAGES/MATING.JPG 2 http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/mating%20close.JPG 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/1/11/ 20071013152142!House_Sparrows_mating_I_IMG_0066.jpg 4 http://www.jennifermarohasy.com/blog/archives/Cassowaries%20Mating% 20blog.JPG 5 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/430750607_364fcc6c09.jpg 6 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/gullsmating.jpg 7 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/CloacalProtuberance02.jpg 8 http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/5/215794/12007_medium.jpg 9 http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/29/majviagra_narrowweb__ 300x420,0.jpg 10 http://www.backyardbirdcam.com/gallery/sparrow-house-f-lg2.jpg 11 http://www.nps.gov/archive/whsa/bird%20list/house%20sparrow.jpg

  35. 12 http://www.bto.org/nnbw/nesting_birds/images/house_sparrow.jpg 13 http://aishah776.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/dscn1144.jpg 14 http://www.parismina.com/images/turtle2.jpg 15 http://www.naturealmanac.com/archive/wild_turkey/pics/turkey-nest.jpg 16 http://www.kabri.net/tikey%20baby.JPG 17 http://www.cookiemadness.net/egg%20whites.jpg 18 http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-16420777.jpg?size=572&uid= %7B2C5DEB80-2648-428F-AFD3-94E59299B98D%7D 19 http://feredayisland.co.nz/Pictures/beat_egg_yolk.jpg 20 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg 21 http://www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au/cartoons/new/2002-20-23%20Bali%20 Indonesia%20Bashir%20gets%20bile%20drip%20520.JPG 22 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/phycobilins.gif 23 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/assets/images/Cyanea.jpg

  36. 24 http://www.walesbiomass.org/images/2.2.2-Song-Thrush-Eggs.jpg 25 http://www.isledegrande.com/gi-ncnature/redwingedblackbirdeggs-9.jpg 26 http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0177.jpg 27 http://www.audubon.org/bird/puffin/virtual/pics/tern_w_two_chicks.jpg 28 http://www.londons-swifts.org.uk/GC_Swifts_mating%20(5).jpg

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