The Human Body

1. The Human Body Chapter 1

2. Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology 10 • What is this class? • This is the survey of Anatomy and Physiology • An intro level course to the different systems of the body and the interaction between the systems • We will look at homeostasis • We will also examine diseases of the systems we discuss!

3. Anatomy • What is Anatomy? • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and the relationship between them. • Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.1

4. Physiology • What is physiology? • How do the body and its parts function? • Example – How do the muscles and the nervous system function to generate movement? • The two interact = structure determines function! Figure 1.1

5. Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical Level – atoms, tiny building blocks combine to form molecules • Cellular level – molecules come together to form cells • Individual cell types • Tissue Level – complex organisms, group of cells with similar function • 4 basic types • Organ Level – composed of two or more tissues types that performs specific function • Organ System – group of organs work together

6. Overview of SystemsIntegumentary System Figure 1.2a • Skin – external covering of body • Waterproofs • Cushions and protects deeper tissues • Excretes salts and urea – How? • Regulates Temp. • Temp, pressure, and pain receptors

7. Overview of SystemsSkeletal System Figure 1.2b • Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints • Supports body • Framework for skeletal muscles • Protection – What? • Hematopoiesis • Storehouse for minerals – What?

8. Overview of SystemsMuscular System • Contraction!!! • Machines of body • Muscular system = skeletal muscle • 3 Types • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth Figure 1.2c

9. Overview of SystemsNervous System • Fast acting control system • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors • Central vs. Peripheral • Detection of stimuli and response Figure 1.2d

10. Overview of SystemsEndocrine System • Slow acting control • Act via hormones secreted into blood • Endocrine glands not connected • What activities of the body are controlled by hormones? Figure 1.2e

11. Overview of SystemsCardiovascular System • Primary organs are heart and blood vessels • Carries O2, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues Figure 1.2f

12. Overview of SystemsLymphatic System • Complements cardio system • Lymphatic vessels, nodes, lymphoid organs such as spleen and tonsils • Help cleanse blood and house immune cells • Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels back into the blood vessels Figure 1.2g

13. Overview of SystemsRespiratory System • Supply body with O2 and remove CO2 • Gas exchange in lungs Figure 1.2h

14. Overview of SystemsDigestive System • Tubing that runs mouth to anus • Break down food and deliver nutrients to blood for transport • Undigested food removed as feces Figure 1.2i

15. Overview of SystemsUrinary System • Waste products generated during metabolism removed • Nitrogen containing waste such as urea and uric acid • Maintains water and salt balance of blood and pH of blood Figure 1.2j

16. Overview of SystemsReproductive System • Primary role is to produce offspring • In women, the uterus carries offspring Figure 1.2k Figure 1.2l

17. Are the systems isolated? • We have already seen how some of the systems are interconnected • Examples? • Respiratory and Circulatory • Circulatory and Urinary • This is theme in class! Figure 1.3

18. What are the necessary life functions? • Maintaining boundaries • Integumentary System – bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals, inside in outside out. • Movement • Muscular system – propelling from one space to another, but also movement of blood, food and urine • Responsiveness (irritability) • Nervous system (mostly) – rapid communication, sense stimuli in environment and react • Digestion • Digestive system – breaking down of ingested food, get nutrients into blood

19. What are the necessary life functions cont’d? • Metabolism • Digestive and Respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available, • Circulatory system – distributes • Endocrine system - controls metabolism • Excretion • Digestive – removes undigested foodstuff • Urinary – removes nitrogenous waste products in urine • Reproduction • Cellular or organismal level • Growth • Increase in # of cells increases size. Cell-constructing activities must occur at faster rate than cell-destroying activities

20. Survival Needs!! • Nutrients – Food • Carbohydrates major form of energy providing fuel • Can use proteins and fats • Minerals and vitamins used in chemical rxns • Oxygen • Chemical rxns that release energy require oxygen • Cells can only survive a few minutes w/o it • Water • 60-80% of body • Fluid base for body secretions and excretions • Absorbed – food and liquids • Lost – evaporation from lungs and skin, body excretions • Temperature – What is normal temp.? • Too low – rxns slow down and eventually stop • Too high – rxns too fast, body proteins breakdown • Atmospheric Pressure – pressure exerted on body by weight of air • Breathing and gas exchange depend on atmospheric pressure. • What happens at high altitudes?

21. Homeostasis-Get Familiar with this Concept • Think about the complexity of your body! • Able to maintain stable internal conditions with external variations • Dynamic state of equilibrium • All organ systems play a role in maintaining • Controlled by nervous (nerves) or endocrine system (bloodborne) Figure 1.4

22. Feedback – Shutting down the signal! • Negative Feedback – Most common control in body. Net effect of response to shut off or reduce intensity of stimulus. • Heart rate, blood pressure, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide • Positive Feedback – Rare in body because lead to increase in stimulus.

23. Terms for Success in this ClassDirectional Terms • Familiarize yourself with Table 1.1 • Superior • Inferior • Ventral • Dorsal • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial • Deep

24. Terms for Success in this ClassRegional Terms Figure 1.5

25. Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6

26. Cavities of the Body Figure 1.7

27. Keys to Success in this Class • Ask Questions!!! • Critically think about the information, don’t just memorize. • Keep Up With Your Reading! • This class is a lot of information, don’t fall behind

28. The End