Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on fruit and vegetables Aug. 15, 2006. Coex, Seoul

1. Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on fruit and vegetables Aug. 15, 2006. Coex, Seoul Production and consumption of horticultural products in Korea and cancer chemopreventive activity of fruit and vegetables Mok, Il-Gin1 and Hyong Joo Lee 21 National Horticultural Research Institute, Korea2 Seoul National University, Korea

2. (2,411) apples citrus 3,000 pears persimmons 6% 15% 12% peaches others (1,930) grapes 19% 6% 9% 25% Fruit production (1,000M/T) 32% 2,000 28% (1,229) 8% 15% 2% 6% 8% 11% 22% 44% 6% (582) 10% 8% 1% 1,000 5% 7% 8% 10% 52% 15% 10% 1974 1984 1994 2004 Years Fruit production in Korea 0

3. Fruit trade of Korea 120 Export 100 Import 80 Quantity of fresh fruit trades (1,000 M/T) 60 40 20 0 citrus pears apples grapes oranges bananas persimmons sweet persimmons

4. Fruit consumption in Korea 20 apples citrus persimmons pears peaches others grapes 15 Fruit consumption (kg) 10 5 0 '90 '95 '03 '00 '80 '85 Years

5. Vegetable production in Korea

6. Vegetable consumption per capita in Korea

7. Production of fruit vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

8. Production of spice vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

9. Production of leafy and root vegetables in Korea (production value, 2004)

10. Function of foods

11. Phytochemicals and their bioactivities

12. Total deaths from cancer and heart disease J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003

13. Major causes of cancer Factor Estimated % of all cancer deaths Diet 35 Tobacco 30 Infection 10 Reproductive & sexual behavior 7 Occupation 4 Alcohol 3 Geophysical factors 3 Pollution 2 Industrial products 1 Medicines & medical procedures 1 Food additives < 1

14. Cancer chemoprevention • “Use of agents that are designed to inhibit, reverse, or retard carcinogenesis” • A Promising and ultimate strategy to prevent cancer

16. Multistage Carcinogenesis Procarcinogen Secretion Metabolic Activation Ultimate Detoxification Carcinogen Initiation Promotion Progression Initiation Promotion Progression (1-2 days) ( >10 years) ( >1 years) Preneoplastic Neoplastic Normal Initiated Cell Cell Cell Cell Modification of epigenetic events

17. Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of food components Inflammation MMP production Oxidative stress Carcinogen Progression Promotion Initiation Inhibition of cell-to cell communication Cell proliferation Lee KW et al., Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2004

18. Many studies on intracellular signaling cascades as common molecular targets for chemopreventive phytochemicals in food

19. Lee KW et al. Mec. Aging Dev. 127- 424 (2006)

21. Phytochemicals Concentration mg/100 g fresh Relative VCEAC values Total antioxidant activity (mg VCEAC/100 g) Relative contribution (%) Vitamin C 12.80 1 12.80 10.1 Chlorogenic acid 9.02 0.97 8.75 6.9 Epicatechin 8.65 2.67 23.10 19.2 Phloretin glycosides 5.60 1.63 9.13 7.2 Procyanidin B2 9.34 2.36 22.04 17.3 Quercetin glycosides 16.78 3.06 51.35 40.4 Total 61.25 127.17 Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant activity

22. Chemopreventive effects of apple phenolics • Apple antioxidants exert combined chemoprotective effects against ROS-mediated carcinogenesis. • Tumor promotion mediated by ROS may be involved in ROS-induced inhibition of GJIC and activation of MMP. • Vitamin C and quercetin restored H2O2-inhibition of GJIC by blocking hyperphosphorylation of Cx 43 and activation of ERK 1/2 in a rat liver epithelial cell line. • Vitamin C and quercetin protects ROS-mediated activation of MMP-2 and increase of motility in a fibrosarcoma cell line.

23. Exp. Biol. Med. 231- 322 (2006)

24. Exp. Biol. Med. 231- 421 (2006)

29. 5 A Day for Better Health is a national program and partnership that seeks to increase the number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables Americans eat to five or more. The 5 A Day program provides easy ways to add more fruits and vegetables into your daily eating patterns.