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Chapter 5 The Physical Self

Chapter 5 The Physical Self. Chapter 5: The Physical Self. Genetic and environmental forces e.g. height Average: female 5’4” male 5’9” Can be affected by malnutrition Catch-up growth possible After illness or periods of malnutrition More short people in cold climates

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Chapter 5 The Physical Self

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  1. Chapter 5The Physical Self

  2. Chapter 5: The Physical Self • Genetic and environmental forces e.g. height • Average: female 5’4” male 5’9” • Can be affected by malnutrition • Catch-up growth possible • After illness or periods of malnutrition • More short people in cold climates • Smaller body surface for heat loss

  3. The Endocrine System • Glands that secrete hormones • Pituitary gland: the master gland • Controls all other glands • Is controlled by the hypothalamus • Produces growth hormone • Testes secrete androgens like testosterone • Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone

  4. Plasticity • Responsiveness to experiences • Can be negative • Vulnerable to damage • Environmental deprivation • Can be positive • Aids in recovery from from injury • Can compensate for each other • Can benefit from stimulation • Allows for adaptability

  5. Brain Development 2 • Critical period: late prenatal & early infancy • Lateralization (at birth) • Left hemisphere • Analytic reasoning, language • Right hemisphere • Understanding spatial information • Visual-motor information • Corpus callosum connects the two

  6. Brain Development 3 • Never truly complete • Changes occur across lifespan • Growth spurts in infancy, childhood and adolescence • Full adult weight by about age 16 • Processing speed increases in adolescence • Myelination continues into adulthood

  7. BrainDevelopment4 • The Aging Brain • Gradual and mild degeneration • Elderly adults • 5-30% fewer neurons than younger adult • Greater loss in sensory-motor areas • Plasticity still possible • Main result of age is slower processing

  8. Principles of Growth • Procession of growth is orderly • Cephalocaudal: from head, downward • Proximodistal: from the center, outwards • Orthogenic: from global, undifferentiated to specialized

  9. A Life-Span Developmental Model of Health • Health: A life-long process • Determined by both genetic and environmental factors • Is multi-dimensional: well-being, illness • Changes involve both gains and losses • Sociohistorical context: SES

  10. The Infant • Typically 7 to 71/2 lbs., 20 inches long • Period of rapid growth • Neonatal reflexes (see Table 5.3 in text) • Survival reflexes: clearly adaptive • Breathing, eye-blink,sucking/rooting • Primitive reflexes: less adaptive • Typically disappear by 4 months • Babinski: toes fan • Grasping • Used diagnostically

  11. The Infant 2 • Behavioral States • Short sleep-wake cycles at first • Establish more regularity at 3-6 months • REM sleep • 50% of the time for newborns • 25-30% by 6 months • May be useful for reducing stimulation • Individuality in infant patterns

  12. TheInfant3 • Strengths and weaknesses • Sensory system in tact • Ability to learn from experience and from consequences • Limited in capacity to move voluntarily • Intentionality also limited • Cannot interpret complex stimuli

  13. Infant Physical Behavior • Developmental norms (see Table 5.5 ) • Average age of mastery • Gross before fine motor skills • Crawling at 7–10 months • Walking at about 1 year • Study of “walkers” (Siegel & Burton, 1999) • Infants not using walkers sat up, crawled, and walked earlier • Need sensory feedback I.e.,to see feet

  14. Physical Behavior 2 • Manipulating Objects • Grasping reflex disappears: 2-4 mo • Pincer grasp by 6 months • Motor Skills • Rhythmic Stereotypies • Rocking, bouncing, mouthing objects, banging arms and legs • Precede a skill then disappear

  15. Dynamic Systems Approach • A self-organizing process • Trying new movements • Use sensory feedback • Motor milestones are learned • Also require maturation • A nature/nurture position

  16. Adolescence • Growth spurt triggered by hormones • Peak in height: Age 12/girls, 14/boys • Menarche: Average age 12½ • Earlier in countries with good nutrition • Maturation different by ethnicity • AA and MA girls earlier than White • Semenarche: Average age 13 • Emission of seminal fluid

  17. Rates of Development • Genes set the process in motion • Hormones responsible for changes • Environment also • Secular trend: better nutrition • Earlier maturation,larger body size • Poorly nourished/mature later • Heavy & tall/mature earlier • Regular strenuous exercise/later

  18. Psychological Implications • Girls become concerned w/appearance • Individual reactions vary widely • Negative views about menstruation • Boys likely to welcome the changes • Family relations remain important • Distance and conflict with parents • Usually about only minor issues

  19. Early versus Late Development • Early males: Advantageous • More positive reactions from others • Late/males: Disadvantageous • More behavior and adjustment problems • Early/females: Disadvantageous • Subject of ridicule, lower self esteem • Older peer group = problems • Late/ females: Academic advantages • Differences tend to fade with time

  20. Physical Behavior • Dramatic physical growth overall • Boys continue to improve • Girls tend to level off or decline • Not totally explained by biology • Gender role socialization important • Gender performance gap has narrowed • E.g., track, swimming, cycling records

  21. Health and Wellness in Adolescence • Obesity a continuing problem • Higher risk: Diabetes, heart, BP problems • Poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyle • Leading causes of death • Motor vehicles and violence • Alcohol and drug use, cigarette smoking • Also result in risky choices

  22. The Adult • Minor changes in the 20s & 30s • Noticeable by the 40s • Wrinkles, gray hair, weight gain • In the 60s: Weight, muscle, bone loss • Osteoporosis in older women • Fair, light frame, smokers • Calcium, exercise, (HRT?) • Osteoarthritis: Joint deterioration

  23. Functioning and Health • Most systems show decline with age • Heart and lung capacity • Temperature control • Immune system and strength • Reserve capacity • On average, older people are less fit than younger BUT not all • Physically active remain fit

  24. Slowing Down • Balance difficulty affects the ability to walk, stand, sit, and turn • Older people with strong muscles and good cardiovascular capacity can walk briskly • Major change is slowing of the CNS • Increased RT • Novel/complex tasks more difficult • Physically-fit older people have quicker RT

  25. Disease, Disuse, or Abuse? • Birren (1963) study of men aged 65-91 • Healthy older same as younger • Conclusion: Aging itself has little effect on physical and psychological functioning • Disuse: “Use it or loose it!” • Includes mental exercise • Abuse contributes to decline • Alcohol, high-fat diet, smoking

  26. Health and Wellness in Old Age • Acute illnesses less common • Chronic disease more common • Most 70-yr-olds: At least 1 chronic impairment • Tremendous variability • Exercise, nutrition: Lifelong benefits • Improves cardio, respiratory functioning • Slows bone loss, strengthens muscles • Less depression, delays disability

  27. Diseases Common in Old Age • Osteoporosis: Smokers, light frame, at risk • Increase calcium • Weight-bearing exercise • Osteoarthritis: deterioration of cartilage • Successful aging • Both physical and mental functioning • Positive attitude

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