CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT & SCALING TECHNIQUES

1. CHAPTER 4MEASUREMENT & SCALING TECHNIQUES DR.SHINEY CHIB PROFESSOR,DMIMS,NAGPUR

2. SCALES • IT IS A TECHNIQUE OF CONVERTING QULALITATIVE FACTORS INTO QUANTATIVE FACTORS. QUALITATIVE ARE GENERALLY CALLED AS ATTRIBUTES AND QUANTATIVE ARE CALLED AS VARAIBLES. A SCALE IS A MEASURING ROD,OR A NUMERICAL SYSTEM OF UNITS MEASURED SUCCESSIVELY AND MARKED, AT GIVEN DISTANCES ON A LINE. IT MAY BE A DEVIE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, HEIGHT, DEPTH, WIDTH, ETC.,WHICH ARE QUANTATIVE IN NATURE. BUT ATTRIBUTES OR QUALITATIVE FACTS CAN BE MEASURED BY NON NUMERIC PATTERN AND IS DIVIDED IN VARIOUS DISTIBGUISHABLE CATEGORIES.

3. TYPES OF SCALES • NOMINAL SALE • ORDINAL SCALE • INTERVAL SCALE • RATIO SCALE

4. NOMINAL SCALE • NOMINAL SCALE IS THE LEAST POEWERFUL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT:THIS IS APPLIED TO QUALITATIVE DAT WHERE THE OBJECTS OR ITEMS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO VAIOUS DISCRETE AND DISTINCTIVE GROUPS OR CATEGORIES WITHOUT ANY RANKING OR ORDER ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. IT DOES NOT POSSES ANY OF THE THREE ATTRIBUTES:MAGNITUDE, EQUAL INTERVALS & ABSOLUTE ZERO POINT. EX:CATEGORISING PEOPLE ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGION. ACCORDING TO THEIR AFFILIATION SUCH AS DEMOCRAT, REPUBLICAN, A SOCIOLIST. OTHER CATEGORIES LIKE SMOKING VS NON-SMOKING, OWNERSHIP OF LAND VS NO OWNERSHIP OF LAND IN A NOMINAL SCALE , WE SPILIT A SET INTO SUBSETS WHICH ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVELY AND COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE.

5. ORDINAL SCALE(RANKED • THIS POSSES THE ATTRIBUTES OF MAGNITUDE ONLY. THIS MEANS THAT VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF ITEMS CAN BE COMPARED WITH EACH OTHER ONLY IN ORDER OF RANK ASSIGNED TO THESE CATEGORIES.HOWEVER, THESE RANKS ONLY INDICATE AS TO WHICH CATEGORY IS GREATER OR BETTER, BUT DOES NOT INDICATE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE AMONG THEM. EX.:STUDENTS MAY BE CATEGORISED ACCORDING TO THEIR GRADES OF A,B,C,D SO ON. TEACHERS RANKED AS PROFESSOR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LECTURER. PROFESSIONALS RANKED AS GM,DGM,AGM,SR.MGR SO ON.

6. INTERVAL SCALE • INTERVAL SCALE IS STRONGER THAN THE ORDINAL SCALE BECAUSE IT POSSES NOT ONLY THE MAGNITUDE ATTRIBUTE BUT ALSO THE EQUAL INTERVALS ATTRIBUTES AS IT MEASAURES THE VALES OF THE QUANTATIVE RANDOM VARIABLES AND IDENTIFIES NOT ONLY AS TO WHICH CATEGORY IS GREATER OR BETTER BUT ALSO BY “ROW MUCH” FOR EXAMPLE OF HEIGHT,WEIGHT AND TIME ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF INTERVAL SCALE.LET US TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF TEMPERATURE. IF THE TEMPERATUE ARE 100oC ,80OC,120OC, THEN WE CAN SEE THAT TEMP I IS 20OC MORE THAN TEMP II BUT COOLER BY 20OC AS COMPARED TO TEMP III. INTERVAL SCALES ARE MORE PREFERRED THAN NOMINAL AND ORDINAL SCALES AS THEY ARE QUICKER TO COMPLETE AND MOST RESEARCHERS FINF THEM CONVINIENT TO USE.

7. RATIO SCALE THE RATIO SCALE IS ALSO USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF QUANTATIVE RANDOM VARIABLE BUT IT DIFFERES FROM INTERVALS SCALE IN THAT IT HAS A TRUE (ABSOLUTE) ZERO POINT, MEANING THE VALUES OF SUCH VARAIBLES CAN BE ALSO ZERO. EQUAL RATIO ON THE RATIO SCALE INDICATES THE EQUAL RATIO AMONG THE ELEMENTS BEING MEASURED, EX.:10 KG AND 50 KG ARE IN RATIO OF 1:5, IF WE CONVERT THESE WEIGHTS INTO GRAMS THEN WE HAVE 10,000 GRAMS AND 50,000 GRAMS WHICH TOO BEAR A RATIO OF 1:5.

8. TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

9. ATTITUDE • ATTITUDE IS THE MENTAL STATE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WHICH MAKES HIM TO ACT OR RESPOND FOR OR AGAINST OBJECTS,SITUATIONS ETC. WITH WHICH HIS/HER VESTED FEELINGS OF INTEREST,LIKING,DESIRES SO ON ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY LINKED OR ASSOCIATED. ATTITUDE SURVEY TO RECRUIT AND TO EVALUATE HUMAN RELATIONSS IN FACTORIES, INDUSTRIES & DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS, ATTITUDE SURVEY IS INDISPENSABLE. THE STUDY OF ATTITUDE IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN DESINGING A TRAINING WHICH IS A CORE hrd FUNCTION. ATTITUDE SURVEYS FOCUS ON FEELINGS AND MOTIVES OF THE EMPLOYEE’S OPINION ABOUT THEIR WORKING ENVIRONMENT

10. PURPOSE • To compare results with other survey results • To measure the effect of change that occurs • To determine the nature and extent of employees feelings regarding specific organizational issues and the organization in general.

11. THANK YOU