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Global Pro-Poor Fisheries and Aquaculture Development. IFAD CoP Workshop 12-13 January 2009, Rome. the MDGs, fisheries & aquaculture. Fisheries and aquaculture can help meet the Millennium Development Goals
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Global Pro-Poor Fisheries and Aquaculture Development IFAD CoP Workshop 12-13 January 2009, Rome
the MDGs, fisheries & aquaculture • Fisheries and aquaculture can help meet the Millennium Development Goals • fish contributes >50% of protein intake for 400 million people from the poorest African and South Asian countries • employs 135 million worldwide, a quarter of whom work in aquaculture • for the World’s 40 least developed countries, fish is the third largest traded commodity
small-scale fisheries and aquaculture Importance: Safety Net Importance: Economic Driver • Part of diversified livelihood strategies. • Contributes to food and nutrition security. • Vulnerable sector • Often landless • Highly mobile • Marginalised • An important cash generator. • Strong economic multiplier effects. • 50% of the 80 billion dollar a year global fish trade from LDCs • Economically resilient (esp compared to industrial fisheries). • Challenges:(i) wider changes in the environment – especially water management and climate change; (ii) insecure rights; (iii) social exclusion; (iv) poor access to services
Over half of global production from small-scale fisheries(37-43 million t) Marine catches larger than inland (28-30 million t vs 9-13 million t) Participation greater in inland SSF (11-12 million people in marine vs 14-15 million in inland SSF) Women ca. 60% of overall participation Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector (avg 6% per year over the past 5 years). It now accounts for 33% of global fish supply Environmental problems can arise if use of ecosystem services not managed properly Challenge: increase food production while maintaining ecosystem resilience and reducing poverty small-scale fisheries & aquaculture Sustainability Resilience
resilient small-scale fisheries… Social Resilience Ecological Resilience absorb shocks and reorganise themselves following stresses and disturbance while still delivering benefits for poverty reduction
sustainable aquaculture… • produces fish in ways that do not store up environmental problems for the future • uses land, water, food and energy wisely and efficiently • is integrated into national economies in ways that maximize its development impact
multiple dimensions of poverty Income and asset poverty Vulnerability Social exclusion Fisherfolk not always the ‘poorest of the poor’ in income terms Physical asset profiles strongly mediated by rights to land, mobility, uncertain production system Social exclusion: inequality and ‘elite capture’ of rights in CBFM, poor access to services (inc. health, education, finance, justice) Vulnerability: insecure rights, uncertain production systems, high physical, economic and regulatory or institutional risks (Bene, Macfadayen, Allison, 2007)
vulnerability & incentives for resource conservation • Risk perception:Fish stock decline may be low in fisherfolk’s risk-hierarchies; aquaculture investment may be seen as too risky • Social exclusion:fishers and farmers not able to gain the support of external agents to improve rights and access to services • Overall outcome:fishers lack incentives and means to manage resources, even when granted to them through ‘rights-based fishing’; aquaculture technology uptake low by the poorest • Policy implications: Incentives to claim and defend aquatic property rights (and to risk investing in aquaculture) may require vulnerability to be reduced and other rights to be strengthened
From participatory vulnerability mapping exercises with fishers and fish workers in East Africa: 1. Malaria and other common illnesses 2. Gear theft and personal insecurity 3. Insecure rights of access to land and landing sites 4. Unpredictable seasons/weather (climate change) 5. Rising costs of inputs 6. Marketing-related insecurities . . . perceptions of risks to livelihoods 11. Too much fishing; decline of fish stocks.
High example:vulnerability of fisheries to climate change impacts Low Allison et al, in press Missing data
example:vulnerabililty of fisherfolk to HIV/AIDS (Allison & Seeley, 2004; Kissling et al., 2005)
why addressing poverty, vulnerability, and rights helps fishery governance • The more secure people feel, the more they save and invest in the future • As fishing people become more secure, the risks of fishery decline becomes the most important remaining source of insecurity • This leads to more incentive to invest in governing fish stocks. • Incentives and capacity to claim and defend property rights will be clearer and stronger if violations of fisherfolk’s broader human rights are addressed first
Diversification, microfinance, education & skills Improve access to health services, secure land rights, aquatic property rights Organisational development, labour rights, migrant’s rights, gender equity investments to reduce vulnerability… Income & Asset Poverty Marginalisation Vulnerability
…in the context of responsible fisheries and ecosystem-based management Reduce vulnerability and strengthen rights Build assets and capabilities How to prevent overfishing while supporting livelihood interests and contributing to poverty reduction and food security? Develop new technologies & markets Reform fisheries governance Assess resource & environmental status to guide fishery management
Strengthen access to infrastructure, Information, higher-value markets Clarify and strengthen aquatic property or user rights Claim human rights – to food, health, decent work, freedom from discrimination etc an integrated approach to pro-poor fisheries and AQ development Threat Response Market failure Governance failure Entitlements failure
communities of practice can help to maximise our impact A Linear World View A Networked World View Thinking For Developing Technologies Thinking With Technologies plus…..
