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NSF Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

NSF Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars . Overview:. Consortium Description Science Technology Education and Training Community Budget and Challenges Infrastructure Improvements and Plans.

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NSF Consortium of Resonance and Rayleigh Lidars

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  1. NSF Consortium of Resonance andRayleigh Lidars Overview: • Consortium Description • Science • Technology • Education and Training • Community • Budget and Challenges • Infrastructure Improvements and Plans

  2. The Na Wind/Temperature lidars have reached a level of robust and reliable operation whose measurements and scientific contributions makethem an essential community asset. Temperature Wind Products: Often a centerpiece instrument, the lidar technique providesthe most comprehensive measurement of range-resolved, neutralgas properties in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere. What is CRRL? Description A university-based lidar consortium with applications tomiddle and upper atmosphere research.

  3. NWRA Colorado Research Associates PI: Dave Fritts Co-I: Biff Williams University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignPI: Gary Swenson Co-I: Alan Liu University of ColoradoPI: Jeff Thayer CoRA UIUC CRRL Director &Steering Committee CSU CU - CTC Five CRRL PIs Richard CollinsJohn Plane Rolando Garcia Colorado State UniversityPI: Chiao-Yao (Joe) She Co-Is: David Kruegerand Titus Yuan University of ColoradoPI: Xinzhao Chu Co-I: Wentao Huang Who is CRRL? Collaborator: Jonathan Friedman, Arecibo Observatory

  4. CoRA LidarSite: Andoya, Norway Location: 69°N, 16°E Elevation: 380 m CSU LidarSite: Fort Collins, Colorado Location: 41°N, 105°W Elevation: 1570 m UIUC Lidar Site (2008): Urbana, Illinois Location: 40°N, 88°W Elevation: 225 m Site (2009): Cerro Pachón, Chile Location: 30°S, 70°W, Elevation 2715 m CRRL Tech CenterSite: Boulder, Colorado Location: 40°N, 105°W Elevation: 1655 m Where is CRRL? Sites Andoya, Norway CSU CU UIUC Cerro Pachon

  5. CRRL: The Four Guiding Lights Motivation Technology Education Science Community

  6. CRRL: Science Elements Science ScienceLeadership ScienceTechnology CRRL ScienceProductivity ScienceDriver

  7. CRRL: Science Elements Science Leadership: Expertise in mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral physics, dynamics and chemistry: non-linear wave dynamics, wave momentum fluxes, wind and thermal structure, metal chemistry, polar mesospheric clouds, climate trends… Science Productivity: 45 articles published in Applied Optics, JGR, GRL, JASTP, etc… in past two years Science Technology: Technology developments have led to science advancements in other fields Science Driver: Na W/T lidar is a centerpiece instrument attracting science campaigns, spacecraft validation, and model verification - Rocket campaigns at SOR, White Sands, and Andoya - Leonid meteor shower campaign at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) - Multi-instrument collaboration at Maui-MALT, ALOMAR and Cerro Pachon, Chile - CSU diurnal-cycle studies with TIME-GCM, HAMMONIA, and TIMED SABER

  8. CSU Na lidar full-diurnal cycle observations of temperature, zonal and meridional wind from 2002 to 2006 allowed derivation of mean-state climatologies as well as diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal perturbations. Mean-state climatologies and semidiurnal tidal-period perturbations compared well to global circulation models and improved parameterizations of gravity wave sources and spectra. Highlights Science references Science Mean-State and Tidal Temperature and Wind Climatologies Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008. Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in press, 2008.

  9. Highlights Science reference Momentum Flux Studies of Gravity Wave-Tidal Interactions Science Momentum flux on Dec. 9, 2006 derived from night-time coplanar zonal wind observations performed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar • Over 300 hours of nighttime three-beam observations allowed determination of gravity wave zonal momentum flux, simultaneous with full-diurnal cycle temperature as well as zonal and meridional wind, to determine mean state and tidal-period perturbations. • Vertical profiles of momentum flux enabled analysis of gravity-wave tidal interactions. Acott, P., Mesospheric momentum flux studies over Fort Collins, CO (41° N, 105° W), Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, in preparation, 2008.

  10. Highlights Science Solar Cycle Effects and Long-Term Trends in Temperature Science • 18 years of nighttime mesopause-region temperatures have been observed by the CRRL-CSU Na lidar in Fort Collins, CO. • In order to analyze solar-cycle effects and long-term trends, one solar cycle of data is required; two solar cycles are preferred. • After taking Mount Pinatubo warming into account, temperature trends on the order of ~1 K per decade were deduced, in general agreement with global climate models. • Global coverage of long-term data is essential to understand the solar cycle response and long-term trends. TIMED/SABER data has provided a good start.

  11. Large Amplitude Gravity Waves Science Lidar observations at Maui on Aug 12, 2004 show a rapid temperature and horizontal wind change from 90 to 95 km altitude between 6 and 10 UT. There was also a rapid increase in Na density during this period. Highlights Science • Large amplitude GWs (>50 K in temperature amplitude) are observed. These events have a large impact on the environment. Lidar provides full measurements of dynamic and thermodynamic quantities of such events, allowing detailed study of their characteristics. references Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a “wall” wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007213.

  12. Seasonal Variation of Gravity Wave Activity Science Total wind variance as function of season and altitude at SOR. Total temperature variance as a function of season and altitude at SOR Highlights Science • GW activity shows strong annual and semiannual variation. They are strongest in winter, and weakest at the equinoxes. • GW dynamics are closely related to atmospheric stability. Convective instability is most likely in winter while dynamic instability is most likely in summer. references Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179.

  13. Estimate of Eddy Diffusion from Gravity Wave Fluxes Science Eddy thermal diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude. Eddy kinetic diffusion coefficient as a function of month and altitude. Highlights Science • Eddy diffusion coefficients can be estimated by applying linear GW saturation theory to the measured GW parameters and their vertical fluxes of momentum and heat • Estimated eddy diffusion coefficients showed strong seasonal and altitude variation. This seasonal variation was found to be necessary for the realistic thermospheric modeling of Qian et al. references Liu, A. Z. (2008). Vertical Fluxes of Gravity Waves and Their Implications for Gravity Wave Parameterization. Paper presented at the 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Montreal, Canada.

  14. Rocket and Lidar Campaigns at ALOMAR Science Momentum Flux Rockets and Lidar Highlights Science • Dual-beam,day/night temperature, wind, and Na density coordinated with rockets and other collocated lidars • Gravity wave/tide interaction and momentum flux gradients, instabilities, and wave breaking

  15. Multi-Lidar Thermal Structure: Latitude and Season Science Highlights Science • Temperature versus latitude plot for an entire year based on observations from the three CRRL sodium lidars at four locations, plus the Arecibo and IAP potassium lidars • Seven sites:1.Spitzbergen (78N), IAP, day/night 2. ALOMAR (69N), CoRA, day/night 3.Kuhlungsborn (54N), IAP, day/night 4.Fort Collins (41N), CSU, day/night 5.Starfire (35N), UIUC, night 6.Maui (21N), UIUC, night 7.Arecibo (19N), night

  16. CRRL: Publications Published 2006 She, C. Y., B. P. Williams, P. Hoffmann, R. Latteck, G. Baumgarten, J. D. Vance, J. Fiedler, P. Acott, D. C. Fritts, F.-J. Lübken, Simultaneous observation of sodium atoms, NLC and PMSE in the summer mesopause region above ALOMAR, Norway (69N, 12E), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 93-101, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.08.014, 2006. Williams, B. P., J. D. Vance, C.-Y. She, D. C. Fritts, T. Abe, and E. Thrane, Sodium lidar measurements of waves and instabilities near the mesopause during the Delta rocket campaign, Earth, Planets, and Space, 58, 1131-1137, 2006. Williams, B. P., D. C. Fritts, C. Y. She, and R. A. Goldberg, Gravity wave propagation through a large semidiurnal tide and instabilities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the winter 2003 MaCWAVE rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 24, 1199-1208. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1199, 2006. Williams, B. P., C. Croskey, C. Y. She, J. D. Mitchell, and R. A. Goldberg, Sporadic sodium and sporadic-E layers observed during the summer 2002 MaCWAVE/MIDAS rocket campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1257-1266. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1257, 2006. (PDF) Nielsen, K., M. J. Taylor, P.-D. Pautet, N. Mitchell, C. Beldon, W. Singer, D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, F. J. Schmidlin, and R. A. Goldberg, Propagation and Ducting of Short-Period Gravity Waves at High Latitudes during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign, Annales Geophysicae, 1227-1243, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1227, 2006.

  17. CRRL: Publications Published 2006 Chu, X., P. Espy, G. Nott, J. Diettrich, and C. S. Gardner, Polar mesospheric clouds observed by an iron Boltzmann lidar at Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica from 2002-2005: properties and implications, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D20213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007086, 2006. Diettrich, J. C., G. J. Nott, P. J. Espy, X. Chu, and D. Riggin, Statistics of sporadic iron layer and relation to atmospheric dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 68, 102-113, 2006. Goldberg, R. A., Fritts, D. C., Schmidlin, F. J., Williams, B. P., Croskey, C. L., Mitchell, J. D., Friedrich, M., III, J. M. R., Blum, U., and Fricke, K. H., The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere, Annales Geophysicae, 1159-1173. SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2006-24-1159, 2006. Wang L., D. C. Fritts, B. P. Williams, R. A. Goldberg, F. J. Schmidlin, U. Blum, Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere during the MaCWAVE Winter Campaign: Evidence of Mountain Wave Critical Level Encounters, Ann. Geophys., 1209-1226, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/ 2006-24-1209, 2006. Vance, J. D., C. Y. She, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, Q. Wu, An all-solid-state transportable narrowband sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, 23rd International Laser Radar Conference Proceedings (refereed), 2006. D. S. Davis, P. Hickson, G. Herriot, and C. -Y. She, "Temporal variability of the telluric sodium layer," Opt. Lett., 31, 3369-3371, 2006.

  18. CRRL: Publications Yuan, T., C. Y. She, M. E. Hagan, T. Li, K. Arnold, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, P. E. Acott, J. D. Vance, and D. Krueger, Seasonal variations of diurnal tidal-period perturbations in mesopause region temperature zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6N, 105W), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06103, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005486, 2006. Xu, J., A. K. Smith, R. L. Collins, and C.-Y. She, Signature of an overturning gravity wave in the mesospheric sodium layer: Comparison of a nonlinear photochemical-dynamical model and lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006749, 2006. Xu, J., C. Y. She, W. Yuan, C. Mertens, M. Mlynczak, and J. Russell, Comparison between the temperature measurements by TIMED/SABER and lidar in the midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10S09, doi:10.1029/2005JA011439, 2006. Published 2007 Vargas, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., & Gobbi, D. (2007). O(1S), OH, and O2(b) airglow layer perturbations due to AGWs and their implied effects on the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14102, doi:10.1029/2006JD007642. Li, F., Swenson, G. R., Liu, A. Z., Taylor, M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Investigation of a "wall" wave event. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007213. She, C.-Y., and D. A. Krueger, Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Spectroscopy in the Sky, Optics & Photonic News (OPN), 18, 35-41, 2007.

  19. CRRL: Publications Hecht, J. H., Liu, A. Z., Walterscheid, R. L., Franke, S. J., Rudy, R. J., Taylor, M. J. et al. (2007). Characteristics of short-period wavelike features near 87 km altitude from airglow and lidar observations over Maui. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16101, doi:10.1029/2006JD008148. Gardner, C. S. & Liu, A. Z. (2007). Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09113, doi:10.1029/2005JD006179. Gumbel, J., Z. Y. Fan, T. Waldemarsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, E. J. Llewellyn, C.-Y. She, and J. M. C. Plane (2007), Retrieval of global mesospheric sodium densities from the Odin satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04813, doi:10.1029/2006GL028687, 2007. She, C.-Y., J. D. Vance, T. D. Kawahara, B. P. Williams, and Q. Wu, A proposed all-solid-state transportable narrow-band sodium lidar for mesopause region temperature and horizontal wind measurements, Canadian Journal of Physics, 85,  111-118, 2007. Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, and M. T. Montgomery, Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05815, doi:10.1029/2006GL028988, 2007. She, C. -Y.,,J. Yue, Z. -A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J. -J. Guo, S. -H. Wu, and Z. -S. Liu, "Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes–Mie lidar: A. Comparison between iodine vapor filter and Fabry–Perot interferometer methods," Appl. Opt., 46, 4434-4443, 2007. She, C.-Y., J. Yue and Z.-A. Yan, J. W. Hair, J.-J. Guo, S.-H. Wu and Z.-S. Liu, Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes-Mie lidar: B. Impact of aerosol variation on iodine vapor filter methods, Appl. Opt., 46, 4444-4454, 2007.

  20. CRRL: Publications Shiokawa, K, Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T., Ogawa1, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585-599, 2007. Williams, B. P., J. Sherman, C. Y. She, and F. T. Berkey, Coincident extremely large sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers observed in the lower thermosphere over Colorado and Utah, Annales Geophysicae, 25, 3-8, 2007. Shiokawa, K., Y. Otsuka, S. Suzuki, T. Katoh, Y. Katoh, M. Satoh, T. Ogawa, H. Takahashi, D. Gobbi, T. Nakamura, B. P. Williams, C.-Y. She, M. Taguchi, and T. Shimomai, Development of airglow temperature photometers with cooled-CCD detectors, Earth, Planets, and Space, 59, 585-599, 2007. Liu, H.-L., T. Li, C.-Y. She, J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, M. E. Hagan, J. Xu, R. G. Roble, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III, Comparative study of short term diurnal tidal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18108, doi:10.1029/2007JD008542, 2007. Li, T., C.-Y. She, H.-L. Liu, T. Leblanc, and I. S. McDermid , Sodium lidar observed strong inertia-gravity wave activities in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22104, doi:10.1029/2007JD008681, 2007. Friedman, J. S., and X. Chu, Nocturnal temperature structure in the mesopause region over the Arecibo Observatory (18.35°N, 66.75°W): Seasonal variations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D14107, doi:10.1029/2006JD008220, 2007.

  21. CRRL: Publications Published 2008 Yuan, T., C.-Y. She, D. A. Krueger, F. Sassi, R. Garcia, R. Roble, H.-L. Liu, and H. Schmidt, Climatology of mesopause region temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind over Fort Collins, CO (41ºN, 105ºW) , and comparison with model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03105, doi:10.1029/2007JD008697, 2008. Li, T., C.-Y. She, S. E. Palo, Q. Wu, H.-L. Liu, and M. L. Salby, Coordinated Lidar and TIMED observations of the quasi-two-day wave during August 2002-2004 and possible quasi-biennial oscillation influence, Advances in Space Research, 41, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.03.052, 2008. Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, J. Stadsnes, M. Sørbø, U.-P. Hoppe, B. P. Williams, F. Honary and D. S. Evans, Upper-mesospheric temperatures measured during the January 2005 Solar Proton Events, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 2515-2529, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-2515, 2008. Heinrich, D., H. Nesse, U. Blum, P. Acott, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, Summer sudden Na number density enhancements measured with the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 1057-1069, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1057, 2008. Nesse, H., D. Heinrich, B. P. Williams, U.-P. Hoppe, J. Stadsnes, M. Rietveld, W. Singer, U. Blum, M. Sandanger, and E. Trondsen, A Case Study of a Sporadic Sodium Layer Observed by the ALOMAR Weber Na Lidar, Annales Geophysicae, 33AM Optical Meeting Special Issue, 26, 1071-1081, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/angeo/2008-26-1071, 2008.

  22. CRRL: Publications Published 2008 Chu, X., Advances in Middle Atmosphere Research with LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, invited paper, pp. 769-772, 2008. Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, and J. P. Thayer, MRI: Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler lidar principle, design, and analysis, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 801-804, 2008. Chu, X., W. Huang, J. S. Friedman, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption and Polarization Spectroscopy for Resonance Fluorescence Doppler Lidars, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 809-812, 2008. Huang, W., X. Chu, B. P. Williams, J. Wiig, CRRL/CTC: Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for Wind and Temperature Profiling in lower atmosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 805-808, 2008. Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, A. T. Brown, CRRL/CTC: LabVIEW-Software-Based Laser Frequency Locking Servo System for Atmospheric Doppler LIDAR, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 141-144, 2008. Talaat, E. R., T. E. Sarris, A. Papayannis, E. Armandillo, X. Chu, M. Daly, P. Dietrich, and V. Antakis, GLEME: Global Lidar Exploration of the Mesosphere, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 832-834, 2008. Friedman, J., I. Gonzalez, and W. Huang, Faraday filter: A comparison between hot and cold cell design, Proceeding of the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, pp. 835-837, 2008.

  23. CRRL: Publications Accepted 2008 Yuan, T., H. Schimdt, C. Y. She, D. A. Krueger, and S. Reising, Seasonal variations of semidiurnal tidal perturbations in mesopause region temperature, zonal and meridional winds above Fort Collins, CO (40.6°N, 105.1°W), J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2007JD009687, in press, 2008. Smith, J. A., X. Chu, W. Huang, J. Wiig, and A. T. Brown, LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar application, Optical Engineering, in press, 2008. Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., in press, 2008.

  24. CRRL: Publications Submitted during 2008 Yue, J., S. L. Vadas, C.-Y. She, T. Nakamura, S. Reising, D. Krueger, H. Liu, P. Stamus, D. Thorsen, W. Lyons, and T. Li, A study of OH imager observed concentric gravity waves near Fort Collins on May 11, 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted, 2008. Vadas, S. L., J. Yue, C.-Y. She and P. Stamus, The effects of winds on concentric rings of gravity waves from a thunderstorm near Fort Collins in May 2004, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2008. Drob, D. P., J. T. Emmert, G. Crowley, J. M. Picone, G. G. Shepherd, W. Skinner, Paul Hayes, R. J. Niciejewski, M. Larsen, C.Y. She, J. W. Meriwether, G. Hernandez, M. J. Jarvis, D. P. Sipler, C. A. Tepley, M. S. O’Brien, J. R. Bowman, Q. Wu, Y. Murayama, S. Kawamura, I.M. Reid, and R. A. Vincent, An Empirical Model of the Earth’s Horizontal Wind Fields: HWM07, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2008. Strelnikova, I., M. Rapp, B. Strelnokov, G. Baumgarten, A. Brattli, K. Svenes, U.-P. Hoppe, M. Friedrich, J. Gumbel, B. P. Williams, Measurements of meteor smoke particles during the ECOMA-2006 campaign: 2. results, LPMR special issue, JASTP, accepted, 2008. Chu, X., C. Yamashita, P. J. Espy, G. J. Nott, E. J. Jensen, H.-L. Liu, W. Huang, and J. P. Thayer, Responses of polar mesospheric cloud brightness to stratospheric gravity waves at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, revised, 2008.

  25. TechSupport CRRLTech Center Innovation CRRL: Technology CRRL Collaboration

  26. CRRL Technology Center (CTC) Overview CTC Director: Dr. Xinzhao Chu University of ColoradoEstablished 2006 Table Mountain Observatory, North Boulder

  27. CTC Technology Innovation • High-resolution Doppler-free spectroscopy on Na, K, Rb, and Cs (three types): saturation-fluorescence, saturation-absorption, and polarization spectroscopy • LabVIEW-based laser frequency stabilization system with phase sensitive detection servo loop for Doppler lidar • MRI Mobile Fe-Resonance/Rayleigh/Mie Doppler Lidar • Na Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF) for extending Na lidar measurements into lower atmosphere • Beam steering and optimization • Faraday filter for daytime measurements • Feasibility study of spaceborne mesosphere lidar with European Space Agency • Lidar receiver chopper synchronization at Arecibo • K Faraday filter development and tests

  28. CTC Technology Support within CRRL • Travel to UIUC three times to fix ring dye laser and advise on laser freq locking • Consultant to UIUC group (onsite and off-site) • CTC personnel participate in CSU lidar data collection campaigns • Advice and equipment to CoRA/ALOMAR • Implement K saturation-absorption spectroscopy and LabVIEW-based laser locking program to Arecibo K lidar • Assisted Arecibo in Faraday filter test and beam steering

  29. 372-nm Fe Absorption Doppler-Free 56Fe Peak ECDL 372 nm Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 372 nm Isolator PD Fe-Ar Discharge Cell PDH + PID Fe Doppler-Free Spectroscopy Technology 1st Fe Doppler-Free Saturation-Absorption Spectroscopy obtained with the MRI Lidar

  30. CTC Technology Support outside CRRL • Organize 24th ILRC and engage ILRC community • Organize CEDAR and CRRL Workshops • University of New Mexico GW/lidar proposal (John McGraw) • Advise Greek/US Groups for Spaceborne lidar competition in ESA • Advise CAS group for Na Doppler lidar development • Advice to U. Alaska Fairbanks lidar group • Advice to Arecibo Ca/Ca+ lidar

  31. CRRL Technology Development CSU: Chirp Stability Mechanism Sum Frequency Generation of 589 nm light using Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Implemented as a CW seeder in the ALOMAR lidar and a frequency marker in the Shinshu/Nagoya University Na mobile lidar Three-Beam Setup for All-Year Observations of T, U & V UIUC: Development of a high efficiency receiver system New software and hardware were developed for laser control and frequency shift New data acquisition software and hardware allows simultaneous multi-channel input and beam steering

  32. CRRL: Education and Training Elements GraduateStudents GuestInvestigators U-graduateStudents CRRL CommunityResearchers

  33. CRRL: Education and Training Graduate Students: PhD and masters students in Electrical Engineering, Physics, Atmospheric Science and Aerospace Engineering CSU has graduated 15 PhD students in lidar sensing (1991 – 2008) and 2 PhD students presently enrolled in Physics and 1 PhD student enrolled in EE UIUC has graduated 2 PhD students since CRRL was established and 1 PhD and 2 masters students presently enrolled in EE and 2 PhD students in atmospheric science involved in lidar sensing CU has 5 PhD and 2 masters students in lidar sensing enrolled in Aerospace Engineering CoRA trained 2 PhD Norwegian and German students (Hilde Nesse, U. Bergen, Ph.D. 2008; Daniela Heinrich, U. Oslo, Ph.D.2008) Undergraduate Students: Training in electro-optics, atmospheric science, data acquisition, laser systems, diagnostic equipment CoRA trained Jorgen Osterpart, undergrad, U. Tromso, Natalie Muller, undergraduate, U. Heidelberg CSU hosted Mr. Stefan Schweiger, undergraduate student, University of Applied Sciences, Regensburg, Germany and supported an independent study by Mr. Jason Hahn, CSU undergraduate in Physics

  34. CRRL: Graduate Students (UIUC)

  35. CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

  36. CRRL: Graduate Students (CU)

  37. CRRL: Graduate Students (CSU)

  38. CRRL: Education and Training Training Community Researchers: Training on data usage and applicability Examples CRRL hosted 3 CEDAR workshops on Lidar science and technology CSU hosted Mr. Zhaoai Yan, graduate student, Ocean University of China in QingDao, ShanTung, China, 2006 – 2007 CSU hosted Mr. Sebastian Knitter, graduate student, University of Rostock, Germany, 2006 – 2007 CoRA Trained Norwegian (U. Tromso, U. Bergen, U. Oslo) and German students to operate lidar, including 4 female students/engineers ->3 recent first author papers CoRA participated in Norwegian Space Camp at Andoya Rocket Ranage Regular tours by B. Williams and Norwegian colleagues

  39. CRRL: Education and Training Training Guest Investigators: Support investigators at the various CRRL sites for experiments, training and collaboration. Not Supported by CRRL: Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CU through CIRES visiting fellowship, Fall 2008 Dr. Shikha Raizada of AO visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 Dr. Deepak Simkhada of USU visiting scientist at CoRA, Fall 2008 / Spring 2009

  40. CRRL: Community Elements Community Agency Support • NSF Upper Atmosphere • NSF Astronomy • Air Force • NASA Science Programs • CEDAR • International Laser Radar community • Layered Phenomena of the Mesopause region • International collaborations • Sounding rockets • TIMED Operations & Maintenance Users &Collaborators CRRL Data Outreach

  41. CRRL: Community Operations and Maintenance: - Personnel, equipment and hours CSU: 18 years of regular nighttime operations (since 1990), continuous 24- hour observations (2002-present) CoRA: 8 years of daytime and nighttime operations UIUC: 2 years of observations at SOR (1998-2000), 5 years at Maui (2001-2005), major equipment modification and operation at Urbana, Il (2006-2008), relocation to Cerra Pachon, Chile (2009) Data dissemination / Analysis / Archival: CEDAR database and public websites Outreach: CEDAR workshops in 2006-2008 Lidar course development at CU International Laser Radar Conference exhibit booth Host to numerous students and researchers Collaborators: NCAR, TIMED, Maui-MALT enterprise, AURA astronomy program, Arecibo Observatory, Utah State University, Clemson University, Aerospace Corporation, Andoya Rocket Range, Norwegian Defense Establishment, Norwegian Naval Academy, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Leeds

  42. CRRL: CSU Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

  43. CRRL: UIUC Lidar Users/Collaborators Data Base

  44. Andoya Rocket Range/ALOMAR Observatory 1/3 of site fees, part of operating expenses Lidar capability enhances rocket campaigns Three trained on-site observers FFI (Norwegian Defense Establishment) 1/3 site fee, two grad students, postdoc Two undergraduate students this year IAP, Germany ECOMA rocket campaigns 1.8 m telescopes Combined temperature profiles CRRL: CoRA International Collaborations

  45. Observing hours increasing with time 2008 best year with ~230 hours and data in every month so far 1,100 hours data in last 8 years Data distributed to ARR, FFI, IAP, U. Leeds, MISU, Bulgarian Institute of Geophysics and other collaborators in ground and space-based campaigns. CRRL: CoRA Lidar Observations

  46. 1998-2000 at SOR, 400 hours, cover every calendar month except July. 2001-2005 at Maui, 250 hours, cover 7 calendar months High accuracy with best signal obtained with large Air Force telescopes Data is available online and used by various collaborators. CRRL: UIUC Lidar Observations

  47. CRRL: Budgets and Challenges Budget • Disabled: • Guest Investigator Program • CTC travel to sites • Lidar school • No equipment upgrade funds Reduced: • Observations at all three sites • GRA and post-doc support • Enabled: • New lidar community technology center • New lidar observatory in Chile • Work force development by providing a foundation to increase the number of PhD and masters degrees • Stability for international collaboration and leveraging for other programs • Developed a sense of community for lidar research and middle atmosphere studies

  48. Cost Sharing in Support of CRRL UIUC: $60k of labor by PI and students $90-120k in building costs for the Andes Lidar Observatory CU: $160k costs in lidar equipment $70k costs in a new mobile lidar container (20’x8’) In-kind contribution from NOAA for access to a new 1600 ft2 lidar building in North Boulder CSU: $40k of labor by Co-I’s CoRA: $700k of AFOSR DURIP funds to develop the sodium lidar system at ALOMAR AFOSR also supported first year of CRRL operations $60k contributions from ALOMAR/ARR for sodium lidar receiver components in addition to free use of the multimillion dollar 1.8 m telescopes $20k/yr funds from Andoya Rocket Range to lessen site support costs in return for advertising the lidar as a resource for rocket experiments $20k/yr funds from FFI to further lessen site support costs

  49. CRRL: Work Breakdown Structure Budget Does not includecost-sharing funds norMRI development

  50. CRRL: Challenges Operations and Maintenance: - Goal is to achieve 1000 hours per year Fundamental to achieving the CRRL goals is the underlying necessity to retain personnel at these institutions capable of performing instrument development, flexible observations, maintenance, repairs, and replacement of outdated and inadequate equipment. Although we are working internally to resolve this common need by consolidation of skills, some aspects of this underlying need remain significant issues at all three lidar sites. CSU: Lidar operations have been reduced from the previous level of 1000-1500 hours per year during 2002-2005 to only 400-700 hours per year from 2006 to present due to limited number of operators. This reduces the CRRL science output and user data availability UIUC: Lidar operations of the past two years have been few due to the major system reconstruction. ALO annual operations will consist of two, two week periods. CoRA: Lidar operations have improved to 200+ hours with Norwegian operators but system maintenance and improvements can only be implemented with travel by CoRA personnel (Biff Williams)

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