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The Antebellum South. APUSH Chapter 4/10. Southern Economy Issues Cotton’s Relationships Slavery Expansion Southern Society Slave Trade. King Cotton / Slave Trade Pages 310-321. Characteristics of the Antebellum South. Primarily agrarian.
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The Antebellum South APUSH Chapter 4/10
Southern Economy Issues Cotton’s Relationships Slavery Expansion Southern Society Slave Trade King Cotton / Slave TradePages 310-321
Characteristics of the Antebellum South • Primarily agrarian. • Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.” • “Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). • Very slow development of industrialization. • Undeveloped financial system. • Inadequate transportation system.
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!
Transforms work of slaves from cleaning cotton to fieldhands Combination of spinning machines and cotton gin increases need for additional slaves 1800 – Slaves = 1 mil 1860 – Slaves = 4 mil Impact of the Cotton Gin
Graniteville Textile Co. Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA
Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860
The South's "Peculiar Institution"
Southern term for slavery – an unusual or unique institution Why not call it slavery? “Peculiar Institution”
Slave-Owning Families (1850) The majority of Southern families do not own slaves!!!
The Ledger of John White • Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00 • Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy • Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00 • Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ran away. Sold out of jail, $540.00 • Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00
Slave Accessories Slave MasterBrands Slave muzzle
Slave Accessories Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC Slave shoes
Antebellum Southern Plantation Life
Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.
Tara – Plantation Reality or Myth? Hollywood’s Version?
The Culture of Slavery • Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. • “Pidgin” or Gullah languages. • Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible. Fictive kin (brother, sister, uncle, aunt, etc.) • Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].
Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere • High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping. • GOAL--> raise the “exit cost.” • Slave patrols. • Southern Black Codes. • Cut off a toe or a foot or ‘hobble’.
Slave Resistance • “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].
Slave Resistance • Refusal to work hard. • Isolated acts of sabotage. • Escape via the Underground Railroad.
Harriet Tubman • After escaping in 1849, she returned 19 times to lead hundreds of slaves to freedom • Civil War – nurse, scout, cook, and spy
“There’s two things I got a right to…and these things are Death and Liberty. One or the other I mean to have.” Harriet Tubman
Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.
Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South Gabriel Prosser1800 1822
New legislation further restricting the rights of both enslaved people and free blacks. The legislature made it illegal for slaves to preach, to be “insolent” to white people, to carry a gun, to hunt in the woods, to cohabitate with a free black or white person, to own any type of livestock. These new codes also forbade white people from teaching an enslaved person to read. Black Codes
Southern Social Structure Role of the Planter Elite Proslavery Arguments Southern Social Structure / Defense of Slavery Pages 328-340
Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy”[plantation owners] 6,000,000 The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers] Black Freemen 250,000 Black Slaves3,200,000 Total US Population --> 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]
This 1841 proslavery cartoon contrasts healthy, well-cared-for African American slaves with unemployed British factory workers living in desperate poverty. The comparison between contented southern slaves and miserable northern “wage slaves” was frequently made by proslavery advocates. SOURCE:Library of Congress.
‘He hath made everything beautiful in its season’ and showed how all the orders and distinctions in society came from God, and that if it was so appropriate and beautiful, that some should be high and some low, and that some were born to rule and some to serve. The pastor applied it so well to all this ridiculous fuss that is made about slavery, and he proved distinctly that the Bible was on our side, and supported all our institutions so convincingly. The Bible as a Defense?
Southern Slavery--> An American Aberration? • 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila. • By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state. • 1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy. • 1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free. • 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire. • 1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies. • 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.
Abolition Movement Ideas Key Individuals Tactics Politics Women’s Rights Issues Actions Abolition / Women’s RightsPages 442-448
Most significant movement in American religion -reorganization and creation of new denominations **-promotes social reform and improvements WHY? -fosters growth and involvement among lower socio-economic classes -widens societal splits (expands social classes) Rich vs. Poor churches and denominations 2nd Great Awakening
