State Standard

2. Cellular Growth (9.1) State Standard 2E. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.

3. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Why Do Cells Need to Divide? Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

4. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Why Do Cells Need to Divide? – Cont’d • As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. If a cell gets too large… • The cell might have difficulty getting enough nutrients in and getting enough waste out. • The cell might have difficulty communicating instructions across long distances within a large cell.

5. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle • Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. • It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow, heal certain injuries, & replace worn out cells. • Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

6. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle – Cont’d • Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. • Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. • Cytokinesisis the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

7. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Interphase – Stage G1 • The first stage of interphase, G1 • The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.

8. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Interphase – Stage S • The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

9. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Interphase – Stage G2 • The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

10. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth & Regulation Normal Cell Cycle • Different proteins including cyclins time and control the life & activities of the cell. • The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

11. Cellular Reproduction • Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth & Regulation Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

13. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth Causes of Cancer • The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. • Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

14. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CDQ 3 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? cytokinesis interphase apoptosis mitosis

15. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 1 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? larger cells smaller cells cells with lower surface area to volume ratio cells shaped like a cube

16. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 2 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? cytokinesis interphase mitosis synthesis

17. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 3 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? The cell grows and carries out normal functions. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

18. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 4 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? cytokinesis interphase mitosis prophase

19. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 FQ 8 9.3 Formative Questions Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? chemicals such as asbestos food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens tobacco and second-hand smoke ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

20. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 CAQ 3 Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of cyclins in a cell? to control the movement of microtubules to signal for the cell to divide to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane to cause the nucleolus to disappear

21. Cellular Reproduction A B C C B A Chapter 9 STP 1 Standardized Test Practice Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?

22. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 2 Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? G1 S G2 M

23. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 3 Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? formation of a cell plate formation of microtubules formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

24. Cellular Reproduction A B Chapter 9 STP 4 Standardized Test Practice Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. true false

25. Cellular Reproduction A B C D Chapter 9 STP 5 Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

26. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Animation • Visualizing the Cell Cycle

27. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9