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Cell Structure & Function

Cell Structure & Function. Organizing Principles. Supramolecular Structures : All found in prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane Selective permeability Communication with the external environment Recognition of self vs. non-self.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function Organizing Principles

  2. Supramolecular Structures: All found in prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound

  3. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability • Communication with the external environment • Recognition of self vs. non-self

  4. Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Formed from two sub-units (large & small) • Free in cytosol or bound to endoplasmic reticulum

  5. Cell Wall • Found in all organisms except animals & a few protista • Made of different macromolecules in different kingdoms • Protects cell, maintains cell shape, & prevents excessive water uptake • Allows turgor pressure to develop

  6. Double Membrane Bound Organelles • These are all prokaryotic in origin. • They have their own DNA and ribosomes • Reproduce by binary fission • Are killed by antibiotics • All easily seen in the light microscope

  7. Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration

  8. Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis

  9. Nucleus • Holds DNA • Makes ribosomes in a specialized region called the nucleolus • Transcribes DNA • Replicates DNA

  10. Endomembrane System • These structures work together to make, process and transport all macromolecules in a region separate from the cytosol • Only seen with TEM

  11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic (within the cytoplasm) • Reticulum (little net) • Makes, sequesters and folds proteins for export or transport • Packages proteins in vesicles to send to the Golgi Apparatus • Attaches carbohydrates to • proteins

  12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Makes and packages polysaccharides and lipids (with enzymes) • Packages polysaccharides and lipids in vesicles • Detoxifies many poisons

  13. Golgi Apparatus • Receives proteins from the RER and adds oligosaccharides to proteins • Tags vesicles for proper delivery and sends them out for shipment

  14. Lysosomes • Specialized vesicles made from the golgi that break down old organelles, foreign materials, bacteria and viruses

  15. Cytoskeleton (Broad Category) • Creates internal structure and allows for movement internally and externally

  16. Microtubules • Big tubes • Move chromosomes & vesicles • Provide internal support

  17. Microfilaments • Small tubes • Move vesicles • Create muscle contractions (actin & myosin)

  18. Centrioles • Barrel shaped • Anchor spindle fibers • Made of a collection of microtubules

  19. Basal Bodies • Barrel shaped • Anchor cilia and flagella • Made of a collection of microtubules

  20. Cilia • Shorter versions of flagella • Move cells or beat to create currents • Made of a collection of microtubules

  21. Flagella • Longer than cilia • Used for the movement of one cell • Made of a collection of microtubules

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