Can we talk with plants?

1. Can we talk with plants?

2. How can the plants talk together, with insects and microorganisms? Go far from me Food

3. How can the microorganisms talk together? Hey every body, come here

4. How can the insects talk together? I love you Me to

5. Can we know these languages? YES

6. Language! By Prof. Ahmed Z. Abdel Azeiz College of Biotechnology MUST alrahman3@hotmail.com Ahmed.abdelaziz@must.edu.eg Tel: 00201228188759

7. The languages is the way to communicate with the surround All of these languages consist of few words Each word is a chemical compound

8. Microbial language 1- Quorum sensing: ‘Quorum Sensing’ (QS) describes the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signaling molecules enable a single cell to sense the number of bacteria (cell density). From http://www.advancedhealing.com/quorum-sensing-and-biofilm/

10. 2- Slime molds aggregation: • The single cells of slime molds moves (1mm/hr.) toward one cell to form a plasmodium (ameba like structure). • The moving signal is cyclic AMP. = every body, come here

11. 3- Siderophores: • Siderophres are chemical compounds produced by a microorganism to bind with metal ions to be available only for this microorganism. = This ion is mine

12. Some siderophores structures

13. Insect’s language 1- Insect pheromones: Pheromones are substances secreted by an insect or animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same specie. It have several types: 1-Sexual attractors produced by the females. 2- Alarm pheromones.

14. Scientists have been able to identify the chemical structure of many insect pheromones. • It is used mainly in insect traps for control of insect. • It is used also in the insect repellent pastes.

15. Structure of some insects pheromones

16. Ant’s pheromone: = The food is in this direction Monomorine1 Ref. Hideo Iida, Yohya Watanabe, ChihiroKibayash (1986). A stereoselective synthesis of the ant trail pheromone (±)-monomorine.Tetrahedron Letters, 27 ( 45): 5513-5514 = I’m alive (Don’t carry me) From http://news.softpedia.com/newsImage/039-Life-Chemicals-039-Tell-Ants-When-to-Bury-Their-Dead-2.jpg/ I’m not dead yet. Scientific American301, 29 (2009)

17. Animal’s alarm pheromones • Ref. Tania Molina-Jiménez, Ana G. Gutiérrez-García, Carlos M. Contreras. (2013). An alarm pheromone increases the responsivity of amygdaline-hippocampal neurons. Salud Mental, 36:279-284 = Danger 2-heptanon = Danger

18. The plant language Hey my friends, I’m here. Ok, we are coming Friends Did you hear that, let’s go Enemies

19. The plant signals can be produced: • Externally • Internally Volatile compounds, root exudates, flower colors and shape, toxins,….

20. 1- insects attraction: The plants attract insects through Come here my dearest insect. Flower colors and shape Odor

21. Some examples: 1- The palm trees attract the red beetle. 2- Tomato plants attracts the whitefly. Did you see what can I do? and you can’t do any thing for me! The insect trap for the palm beetle control Ref. Gail, et al; (1997). New whitefly-transmitted closterovirus identified in tomatoes California Agriculture 51(2):24-26 A red beetle infected palm tree. . The whitefly whitefly-transmitted closterovirus in tomatoes

22. 2- Phytoalexins: • Phytoalexins are chemical compounds produced by plants upon microbial or insect infection. • Upon infection, the plant produces active oxygen species within minutes of interaction, when the plant recognizes the elicitors, cell wall components of the pathogen or the produced enzymes. • As the active oxygen species accumulate, plant resistance to the pathogen is increased, killing of cells in contact with the pathogen (hypersensitive response) (HR).

23. This oxidative stress directly activates the cell death or hypersensitive response at the site of infection and serve as an amplifier of the alarm signal to the plant cells that are not come into contact with the pathogen, That is activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). It combined with production of defense proteins called PRP (pathogenesis related proteins).

24. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential signal molecule for the SAR, as it activates a large set of genes that encode pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) with antimicrobial and hydrolytic enzymes inhibition activities. = Attention

25. Classes of PR proteins Ref.: Bowles, D.J.: Defense-related proteins in higher plants., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 59, 873-907 (1990).

26. Salicylic acid PGiP: Polygalacturonaseinhibiting proteins are LRR proteins that are present in the apoplast of dicots and some monocots.

27. Microbe-plant language • Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is typically activated upon colonization of plant roots by beneficial microorganisms. • ISR is commonly regulated by jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent signaling pathways. = Be ready or

28. Plant-plant language • The roots of several plants produce biochemical compounds to attract and activate the benefit microorganisms and inhibit the other enemies. • These compounds can be understood by some enemies such as parasitic weeds. For example: The roots of Faba bean exudtaesstrigolactones and phthalate compounds. These compounds activate the seeds germination of Orobanche plants (a parasitic weed of Faba bean)

29. The animal language Voice Body language The cats and dogs language consist of few voice words. These are to express that they are afraid, want a food, and some the other basic requirements.

30. The language development Microorganisms Biochemical signals Plants Biochemical signals and colors Insects Biochemical signals and some voices Animals Biochemical signals, body language and several voices