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Middle East Review

Middle East Review. June 6, 2013. I. Modernization in Turkey. Mustafa Kemal becomes the leader of the nationalist movement in Turkey. He defeats the Ottomans and the Greeks, establishes an independent Turkey.

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Middle East Review

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  1. Middle East Review June 6, 2013

  2. I. Modernization in Turkey • Mustafa Kemal becomes the leader of the nationalist movement in Turkey. He defeats the Ottomans and the Greeks, establishes an independent Turkey. • In 1923, Kemal becomes president of the new Republic of Turkey. His people call him Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)

  3. I. Modernization in Turkey C. Reforms of Mustafa Kemal → Goal is to modernize Turkey. • Created new laws separate from the laws of Islam. • Abolished religious courts, created a new legal system based on European law. • Women gain the right to vote and hold public office • Turkey begins to industrialize ↓

  4. II. Fundamentalism in Iran A. Iranian Revolution (1979) a. Conflict between traditional religious values (fundamentalism) andWestern values b. Iran’s leader, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, tries to make Iran more like a Western country. He is friendly with the American government and gives great deals to U.S. oil companies. c. The leader of the religious opposition, the Ayatollah Khomeini, wanted Iran to remain a strict Islamic state with no separation between religious law and government (fundamentalism in a nutshell!) d. Khomeni wins! As a result: • Iran becomes more hostile towards the West and the United States → western books, movies and music banned. Iran and the U.S. remain unfriendly right up until today. • Iranian militants seize the American embassy and hold 52 Americans hostage from November 1979 until January 1981. The Shah Ayatollah Khomeini

  5. III. Zionism and the Creation of the State of Israel A. Palestine controlled by Britain until 1948: Britain had promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine after World War I (The Balfour Declaration), but broke their promise. Still, with anti-Semitism rising in Europe during the 1930s, many Jews immigrate to Palestine. B. Growing conflicts between Jewish immigrants and Palestinian Arabs: • After the Holocaust, UN agrees to give Jews their own state in Palestine. • UN partitions Palestine into two states – one Jewish, one Arab (1948) • Arabs NO NOT accept the partition plan and war breaks out. United Nations Partition of Palestine (1948)

  6. IV. Arab-Israeli Wars • 1948 War • After partition, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria & Jordan attack Israel. • Israel holds all of its own land, plus some of the land originally designated for a Palestinian state. • Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians flee to Arab states – 700,000 were refused entry into other Arab countries are were forced to live in refugee camps. They faced terrible poverty and discrimination.

  7. IV. Arab Israeli Wars B. Six Day War (1967) • Egypt blockades Israeli shipping route, Israel interprets as an act of war. • Israeli forces attack Egypt and Syria, defeating them in six days. • Israel takes three key pieces of land: • Sinai Peninsula (bordering Egypt) • West Bank (bordering Jordan) • Golan Heights (bordering Syria)

  8. IV. Arab Israeli Wars C. October War (Yom Kippur War) – 1973 • Egypt (now led by Anwar Sadat) and Syria attack Israel in Oct, 1973 • Egypt and Syria appear to be winning, but Israel ultimately triumphs with help from the U.S. • War ends with a UN cease-fire • OPEC responds to the war by cutting off shipments of oil to the west. Leads to massive gasoline shortages.

  9. V. Camp David Accords (1979) 1. Anwar Sadat decides to make peace with Israel; becomes the first Arab leader to visit Israel 2. Sadat (leader of Egypt), Jimmy Carter (U.S. President) and MenachemBegin (Prime Minister of Israel) sign an agreement called the Camp David Accords: a.Israel givesEgypt back the Sinai Peninsula, in return Egypt accepts Israel’s right to exist (“land for peace”). 3. Sadat assassinated by Muslim radicals in Egypt opposed to peace with Israel.

  10. VI. Rise of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) • Formed in 1964 to deal with the problem of displaced Palestinians. • Used terrorist tactics to get its demands met: a. Bombings in Israel b. Attack and kill Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics 3. Led by Yassir Arafat 4. Intifada (“uprising”): In late 1980s and 1990s, young Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza began use boycotts, demonstrations and attacks on Israeli soldiers to fight for a Palestinian state.

  11. VII. Recent Peace Efforts • PLO and Arafat publicly renounce terrorism in 1988, accept Israel’s right to exist • Secret Meetings between Israel and the PLO lead to a peace agreement in 1993 (Oslo Peace Accords) a. Palestinians promised self-rule in Gaza Strip (Sinai Peninsula) and Jericho (West Bank). b. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Israelis who opposed peace treaty with the PLO. 3. In 2005, Israel finally began withdrawing settlers and soldiers from Gaza and the West Bank. 4. In 2006, Palestinians elected the political party Hamas to rule in Gaza. Hamas has used terrorist methods, such as rockets and suicide bombings against Israel. In 2008, Israel attacked Gaza, dimming hopes for a peace settlement.

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