Personality Chapter 15

1. PersonalityChapter 15

2. Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

3. Psychodynamic Perspective In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. Culver Pictures Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

4. Psychodynamic Perspective Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms. Culver Pictures Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

5. Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. http://www.english.upenn.edu

6. Dream Analysis Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)

7. Psychoanalysis The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better.

8. Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

9. Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego).

10. Id, Ego and Superego The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

11. Personality Development Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.

12. Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.

13. Oedipus Complex A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. A girl’s desire for her father is called the Electra complex.

14. Identification Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent. Through this process of identification, their superego gains strength that incorporates their parents’ values. From the K. Vandervelde private collection

15. Defense Mechanisms The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. 1. Repressionbanishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. 2. Regression- leads to an infantile stage

16. Defense Mechanisms 3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. 4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

17. Defense Mechanisms 5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations 6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable object

18. Do Now: • Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: a. regression.b. projection.c. displacement.d. reaction formation. • Jaydon doesn’t realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a: a. strong ego.b. weak id.c. strong superego.d. weak ego • Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie’s reaction to her children illustrates: a. identification.b. reaction formation.c. displacement.d. projection.

19. Freud’s Theory of Personality Id, Ego, Superego Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms

20. Why were Freud’s Theories so heavily criticized? • Little empirical evidence to support • Not predictive • Gender Bias • Too much emphasis on Sex

21. Why was Freud revolutionary? • Impact on pop culture inferiority complex penis envy Freudian slip: unconscious is manifested through an error in speech "A Freudian slip is when you mean one thing, but you say your mother." • Inspired future psychologists in the Neo-Freudian movement

22. AIM: How has Freud impacted contemporary psychology?

23. id, ego, superego anxiety, defense mechanisms shaping of personality in childhood Neo-Freudians agree with Freud:

24. Neo-Freudians disagree with Freud: • Importance of consciousness • Sex and Aggression

25. Carl Jung: Neofreudian Unconscious consists of: 1) Personal unconscious a 2) Collective unconscious based on our species’ universal experiences Example: myths, maternal images, fear of dark Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron Carl Jung (1875-1961)

26. Alfred Adler • ego psychologist (downplayed unconscious) • childhood is formative period • Inferiority-complex people are motivated by fear of failure (inferiority) and desire to achieve (superiority) • Birth order National Library of Medicine Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

27. Karen Horney -Womb envy -Personality based on need for security - Relationship with parent influences personality The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis Karen Horney (1885-1952)

28. Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective tests- reveal the hidden unconscious mind

29. Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

30. Rorschach Inkblot Test http://www.rorschachinkblottest.com/inktest.php The most widely used projective test Herman Rorschach 10 inkblots Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

31. Projective Tests: Criticisms Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to). • When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability). 2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

32. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective • Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood. • Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual • Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age. Modern Research

33. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective • There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment. • Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices. • Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not. Modern Research

34. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the repression of painful experiences into the unconscious mind. The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious mind.

35. Which NeoFreudian emphasized..? • Collective unconscious • Birth order • Relationship with parent • Ego • Universal myths