St. John Ambulance Saving Lives

1. St. John AmbulanceSaving Lives Objective: • To train each student to the level of Emergency or Standard first aid Motivation: • As a student, you play a vital role within your community’s emergency medical system, as well as in the workplace

2. Requirements for Certification • It is your responsibility to attend all instructional sessions • It is your responsibility, throughout the course,to show progress toward the attainment of specific first aid skills & knowledge by participating in the hands-on practical exercises & completing the Student Reference Guide activities

3. Requirement for Certification • Your first aid/CPR skills will be checked throughout the course during each practical lesson • Your first aid/CPR theoretical content will be evaluated by a knowledge based evaluation. The pass mark is 50% on each section • Successful completion= An Emergency/Standard level first aid certificate & pocket card • Certification is valid for 3 years

4. Core Lessons Include: • Emergency Scene Management • Shock, Unconsciousness & Fainting • Choking Adult • Cardiovascular Emergencies & 1-Rescuer Adult CPR • Severe Bleeding

5. What is First Aid? • What is first aid? • Who is a first aider? • What can a first aider do?

6. What is First Aid? • First Aid is emergency help given to an injured or suddenly ill person using readily available materials. The objectives of a first aider are as following: • Preserve a life • Prevent the illness or injury from becoming worse • Promote Recovery First Aiders do not treat or diagnose, but suspects injuries & gives first aid

7. What Can A First Aider Do? • A first aider gives first aid, but can also do much more. In an emergency, a first aider can also: • Protect the casualties belongings • Keep unnecessary people away • Reassure family or friends • Clean up the emergency scene & work to correct any unsafe conditions

8. Good Samaritan Act • In Canada (except Quebec), & most of the US, you do not have a legal duty to help a person in need, unless it is part of your job in the work place. Ex. Life Guard • Using Good Samaritan principles however, you are encouraged to help others and are covered by the act in emergency situations

9. Good Samaritan Act • You must abide by the following principles: • Identify yourself as a first aider and get CONSENT • Use reasonable skill and care in accordance of your knowledge • You are not negligent in what you do • You do not abandon the person

10. #1 RULE • The number one rule in giving first aid is to “ensure safety” • Emergency scenes can be dangerous and you have to ensure your safety • You must ensure that your actions do not put anyone else in danger

11. Video on Emergency Scene Management • Video on ESM DVD #1 • Pay close attention to what the male worker does when the client passes out.

12. Emergency Scene Management • A sequence of 4 actions that ensures safe and appropriate first aid is given: • Scene Survey • Primary Survey • Secondary Survey • On-going casualty care

13. LET’S REVIEW ESM Turn to your partner & tell them what you know about: • Conducting a scene survey • Primary survey • Secondary survey • Ongoing casualty care

14. 1) SCENE SURVEY • Ask what happened. Ensure Safety! Remove hazards • If casualty is conscious, warn him/her not to move • Identify yourself & offer help • Support the head and neck • Assess responsiveness • Activate EMS

15. 2) PRIMARY SURVEY • A,B,C’s • Airway- Assess the airway (open airway, ensure airway is clear • Breathing- Check for effective breathing. If needed, assess rate and quality • Circulation- Check skin for signs of shock. Perform a Rapid Body Survey

16. 3) Secondary Survey • The secondary survey is a step-by step way of gathering information to form a complete picture of the casualties overall condition • Only do a secondary survey if there is more than one injury • Follow these steps:

17. Secondary Survey Steps • The history (Ask Questions! Ex. Symptoms, allergies, medications, last meal etc) • The vital signs (breathing, level of consciousness, pulse, skin colour, temperature) • Head to toe examination • First aid for injuries found

18. 4) GIVE ONGOING CARE • Loosen tight clothing at neck & waist • Reassure the casualty • Place in recovery position ( if there are no signs of a head or spinal injury) • Cover to maintain warmth • Re-assess ABC’s & record your findings • Continue to reassure the casualty

19. LET’S TRY IT! STEP 1: SCENE SURVEY • Take charge of the situation • Call out for help • Assess hazards, ensure safety • Find out the history of the emergency • Identify yourself as a first aider & offer to help • Assess responsiveness • Begin Primary survey! Go!

20. Secondary Survey • HISTORY • VITAL SIGNS (CONSIOUSNESS, BREATHING, PULSE, SKIN CONDITION/TEMP) • HEAD-TOE EXAMINATION • FIRST AID FOR INJURIES & ILLNESS FOUND

22. HOW TO TURN A CASUALTYFACE UP • You should give first aid in the position in which the casualty is found as much as possible, but sometimes you have to turn them over to assess for life-threatening injuries and to give proper aid. • If there is no suspected head or spinal injuries…

23. Casualty Face Up Cont. • Extend the arm closest to you over the head • Tuck the far arm against the casualty’s side • Cross the far foot over the nearest foot • Support the head and neck. Firmly grip the clothing at the waist. Roll casualty over. • Position casualty for giving first aid

24. VIDEO ON SHOCK • DVD Video #4 • Notice what happens to the human body when they go into shock – this will help identify someone who is truly in shock.

25. SHOCK, UNCONSCIOUSNESS & FAINTING • Define:Unconsciousness • Define: Fainting • Causes of shock • Signs & symptoms of shock • First aid for shock

26. SHOCK • Shock is a circulation problem where the body’s tissues don’t get enough oxygenated blood- inadequate circulation to the body tissues • Medical shock is life-threatening because the brain & other organs cannot function properly • Shock can progress to unconsciousness and even death

27. SHOCKREVIEW! What is shock? • A condition of inadequate circulation to the body tissues • Results when the brain other vital organs are deprived of oxygen • The development of shock may be rapid or gradual

28. CAUSES OF SHOCK • Breathing problems • Severe bleeding • Severe burns • Spinal cord injuries • Heart attack • Medical emergencies (diabetes, allergies)

29. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of SHOCK • Restlessness • Decreased consciousness • Pale skin at first, later, bluish grey • Bluish/purple colour to lips, tongue, earlobes, fingernails • Cold and clammy skin • Profuse sweating • Vomiting • Shallow, irregular breathing, gasping • Weak, rapid pulse or absent radical pulse

30. FIRST AID FOR SHOCK • Give prompt first aid for any injury or illness • If conscious, elevate feet 12 inches (shock position) • Unconscious but breathing= recovery position • Heart attack, asthma, breathing problems= semi-sitting position • Suspected head/spinal cord injury= support head and leave in position found • Loosen tight clothing at chest, neck and waist • Cover to preserve body heat • Monitor ABC’s

31. CHOKING CONSCIOUS VIDEO • Choking Conscious Video DVD #5 • How many abdominal thrusts and back blows does the first aider give the patient? And does she alternate between the two techniques or not?

32. CHOKING • Safety measures to prevent on objects • Mild & severe airway obstruction • Effects of prolonged airway obstruction • Causes of choking • Signs of choking

33. CHOKING • When the airway is partly or completely blocked & airflow is reduced or cut off • Partially blocked airway= good air exchange, poor air exchange • Completely blocked airway= NO air exchange

34. COMMON CAUSES OF CHOKING • Food or some other object stuck in the throat • Tongue of an unconscious person falling to the back of the throat • Blood or vomit collects in the throat

35. CHOKING ADULT(CONSCIOUS) • As you watch the video, note the steps taken by the waitress. List the first aid procedures demonstrated in the clip

36. CHOKING ADULT (CONSCIOUS) • STEP 1: Begin ESM. Perform a scene survey • STEP 2: Stand by & Encourage coughing • STEP 3: Perform a Primary Survey. Identify the degree of airway obstruction (ask the casualty “are you choking?”)

37. CHOKING ADULT (CONSCIOUS) • STEP 4: Give Abdominal Thrusts • Stand behind the casualty. Find the top of the hip bones with each hand • Make a fist & place it midline, thumb side against the abdomen, just above the other hand • Grasp the fist with the other hand. Thrust inward & upward forcefully

38. CHOKING ADULT Cont. If casualty becomes unconscious… • Ease the casualty on the floor (ON THEIR BACK) • Support the head and neck as you ease the casualty to the floor

39. CHOKING ADULT VIDEO (UNCONSCIOUS) As you watch the video, note: Choking Adult Unconscious DVD #6 • How does the first aid for choking change once the casualty has lost consciousness?

40. CHOKING ADULT(UNCONSCIOUS) • Send a bystander to get medical help • Open the mouth & look for obstruction • Open the airway & check for normal breathing • If casualty is not breathing normally try to ventilate • If chest does not rise, reposition the head, ventilate again

41. CHOKING ADULT(UNCONSCIOUS) • If chest still does not rise, begin compressions- give 30 chest compressions • If you are successful in clearing the airway give 2 ventilations & check for normal breathing • Continue with primary survey • Give on-going casualty care until medical help arrives • Let’s PRACTICE!

42. CHOKING EXTRA • Pregnant Women Choking DVD #7 • Self Administered Choking DVD #8

43. CPR VIDEO • CPR Video #9 What are some of the signs and symptoms that would lead you to think this is a serious emergency?

44. CPR---ADULT CASUALTY • Check Breathing for 10 seconds- No Breathing? • Breathe into casualty TWICE (1 second per breath) • Chest Compressions- 30 times- push hard & fast • If AED is available, use it at this time • Give 2 more breaths • Continue with 30 compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives

45. CARDIOVASCULAR & CPR • Know about cardiovascular disease • Recognize angina/heart attacks and provide first aid • Recognize cardiac arrest • Perform one-rescuer CPR

46. Think-Pair-Share • What do you think of when someone mentions cardiovascular disease? • What do you think causes this? • What are signs and symptoms of someone having a stroke? • What is the difference between a heart attack and a stroke?

47. The Facts (4-1) • High blood pressure (hypertension) – blood pressure is always excited and fast • Atherosclerosis – a build-up of fatty deposits that makes arteries narrow • Angina – chest pain caused by the heart not getting enough oxygen • High blood pressure (hypertension) – blood pressure is always excited and fast • Atherosclerosis – a build-up of fatty deposits that makes arteries narrow • Angina – chest pain caused by the heart not getting enough oxygen

48. The Facts continued • Heart attack – happens when heart muscle dies from lack of oxygen • Cardiac arrest – when the heart stops pumping • Stroke/TIA – brain tissue dies as a result of the brain not getting enough oxygen

49. The pain may feel like: Heaviness Tightness Squeezing Pressure Crushing Indigestion Aching jaw Sore arms Other signs include: Denying anything is wrong Fear Pale skin Nausea Vomiting Sweating Shortness of breath Fatigue Shock Unconsciousness Cardiac arrest Angina/Heart Attack

50. 5 Rights For Giving Medicines • The right medicine • The right person • The right amount • The right time • The right method