Confined Space Awareness Training

1. Confined Space Awareness Training

2. Objectives • Meet requirements IAW NFPA 1670 Sections 6.2 and 7.2 • Meet requirements of NFPA 473 Chapter 4 • Recognize the need for CSR • Initiate and establish communications with victim • Recognize and identify hazard associated with non-entry confined space emergencies • Recognize confined spaces • Perform a non entry retrieval • Implement the emergency response system for CSR • Implement site control and scene management

3. Introduction Scope and Purpose of OSHA Issues of Compliance Training Requirements Evaluation of the Rescue Team Equipping the Rescue Team

4. Introduction Entry and Non-entry Rescue ANSI Standards for Confined Space Civil Liability Confined Space Rescue Compliance Guidelines NELA RRT8

5. Scope and Purpose of OSHA • Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS) • Provide standards and procedures to protect employees • Equipment and Procedures for rescue are required • In-plant rescue or outside arrangement • Rescuers must be made aware of hazards • Employer must evaluate rescue services • Employer must verify rescue availability before conducting a PRCS entry NELA RRT8

6. Issues of Compliance • Permit Required Confined Space Regulation • CFR 1910.146 • Enhanced Employee participation • Authorized entrant observation for monitoring and testing • Clarification for “preparing for the timely rescue of incapacitated person from the permitted spaces.” NELA RRT8

7. Issues of Compliance • Defining the Response Time • Reaction Time • Contact Time • Response Time • Assessment Time • Preparation Time • Rescue Time • Untimely Rescue Response • Rescue Response Time Goals NELA RRT8

8. Issues of Compliance • Untimely Rescue Response • Rescue Response Time Goals • Confined space incident occurs • Rescue team called: 0-3 minutes • On Scene in 10 minutes: 3-13 • Size up and preparation in 10 minutes: 13-23 • Patient contact and rescue in 15 minutes: 23-38 • Transport for care in 15 minutes: 38-53 NELA RRT8

9. Issues of Compliance • Rescue Response Decision-Making Criteria • Emergency Action Plans • Rescue Standby • Team is present • Patient contact within 4 minutes • Rescue Available • 10 minute response • Patient Contact 5 minutes later NELA RRT8

10. Issues of Compliance • Response mode dictated by: • The severity of the hazard. • Personal protective equipment required • Entrant’s ability to self rescue NELA RRT8

11. Issues of Compliance • Rescue Response Categories for PRCS • Rescue Available • Fresh air breathing equipment not required • Entrant not exposed to IDLH • Does not warrant rescue personnel standing by • Entrant needs no assistance for exit under normal conditions NELA RRT8

12. Issues of Compliance • Rescue Response Categories for PRCS • Rescue Standby • Entrant required to use breathing apparatus • IDLH or potential for IDLH exists • Entrant would have difficulty exiting without help • Importance of Categorizing Work Spaces NELA RRT8

13. Issues of Compliance • Importance of Categorizing Work Spaces • Informed Decision-Making ability • Most fall under Rescue Available • Categorizing work spaces into RA or RS is a common sense approach • BLUF… Categorizing saves time! NELA RRT8

14. Training Requirements • Regulation Compliance • Every rescue member must practice making a PRCS at least once every 12 months • Must remove mannequins or people from the confined space • Representative permit space must simulate the types of permit spaces for which rescue will be performed NELA RRT8

15. Training Requirements • Problem-Solving Scenarios • Realistic Scenarios highlight deficiencies • Equipment and Manpower • Ability to operate from written preplans and SOG • Shortcomings in preplans and SOGs • Competency, efficiency and timeliness NELA RRT8

16. Training Requirements • Typing of Confined Spaces • Size of Opening • Configuration of Opening • Accessibility • Internal Configuration NELA RRT8

17. Training Requirements NELA RRT8

18. Training Requirements • Importance of Typing and Establishing Training Plans • Ensures comprehensive training • Practice must be as realistic as possible • Worst Case Scenario • Obstructed, Elevated versus Non-elevated • Proof of Competency… Proof of Practice NELA RRT8

19. Training Requirements • Importance of Typing in Training Effectiveness • Training provided is adequate and effective • “Designated service has the equipment, training, and overall ability to respond in a timely fashion” • Training must provide rescuer’s necessary skills to accomplish the rescue safely • Yearly performance evaluations NELA RRT8

20. Evaluation of the Rescue Team • Rescue service must be verified as capable • Annual documented performance evaluations • Team • Individual • Three simulated scenarios and a written test • Different confined space types NELA RRT8

21. Entry and Non-Entry Rescue • “Rescue” and “Non-Entry Rescue or Retrieval” • OSHA urges non-entry rescue • Retrieval system • Non-entry not always feasible • Does not fall under the definition of “rescue” • Rescue • Retrieval system • Non-entry not always feasible NELA RRT8

22. Civil Liability • Compliance with standards does not eliminate liability • Reasonable Care • Be prepared to defend your actions in court • Responsibility • Liability NELA RRT8

23. Confined Space Rescue Compliance Guidelines • OSHA 1910.146 presents a significant challenge • Performance-based standard • It is hard to understand exactly what is required for compliance • Confined space fatalities continue at an alarming rate • Adequate preparation and training are crucial NELA RRT8

24. Summary Scope and Purpose of OSHA Issues of Compliance Training Requirements Evaluation of the Rescue Team Equipping the Rescue Team NELA RRT8

25. Summary Entry and Non-entry Rescue Civil Liability Confined Space Rescue Compliance Guidelines NELA RRT8

26. Chapter 20 Managing the Rescue

27. Introduction • Safety systems approach to rescue • Incident management system • Crisis decision making • The response evolution • Critical incident stress management

28. Safety Systems Approach to Rescue • Safety is priority in planning and conduction of rescue • Assess the situation • Attempt rescue or not (pt. dead, alive, viable?) • Is team capable? • Do we risk team for rescue? • If rescue fails what is alternate plan? • Plan for safety • Train for safety

29. Safety Systems Approach to Rescue • Safety in training • Instructor must create positive attitude of safety in training and allow attitude to be present in all rescues • Promote safe training • Review safety standards • Always use back-up systems in training • Maintain training equipment and document use and maintenance (treat training equipment as rescue equipment) • Establish emergency procedure when incidents occur during training • Use the term “This is a real incident instructor has command” • Pre-establish emergency communications

30. Safety Systems Approach to Rescue • Respond with safety in mind always • Safety officer is immediately responsible for scene safety • It is the job of everyone to create a safe environment to work • Post-incident safety • Do not lose awareness after incident • Do not lay equipment down on ledge • Do not disassemble equipment in hazard environment (hanging on ledge, near chemicals)

31. Safety Systems Approach to Rescue Safety Is A State Of Mind, An Attitude. Rescue Team Member Must Set The Example

32. Incident Management System • ICS known as the IMS • Sets forth a standard organized approach adaptable to any organization on any incident • System is very large • Use a tool box • Use components applicable to incident • Unity of command • Each person reports only to one person • Rescue member reports to team leader who reports to operations officer who reports to incident commander

33. Incident Management System • Division of labor • Tasks assigned to individual or units in an organized manner to accomplish the desired result • More functions assigned and completed simultaneously the faster plan comes together • Span of control • Number of persons or units one person can manage effectively • 3 to 7 units optimum number is 5 • Exceeding span of control can lead to undesired result

34. Crisis decision making • Decisions made on method to be used in rescue depend on situation • Team leader must be established • Team must come together • Input from entire team helpful in making an informed decision

35. Crisis decision making • Brainstorming • “Huddle” the team • Gather all pertinent info and distribute info • Make contact with victim if possible • Begin brainstorming • Form action plan • Make assignments • Instructions need to be short, clear, and to the point • Ensure all members understand • Carry out the plan • Complete assignments then report completion • Wait for reassignment

36. The Response Evaluation • Preplan • Develop rescue team • Develop training program • Develop team membership criteria • Develop SOG’s • Develop plans for future incidents • Notify • Notify team of incident • Respond • Establish IC, staging area, equipment needed

37. The Response Evaluation • Size-up • Determine safety • Determine plan of action to be taken • Access • Access patient • Stabilize • Stabilize patient and environment • Evacuate • Debrief

38. The Response Evaluation Preplan Notify Debrief Evacuate Respond Stabilize Size-Up Access

39. The Response Evaluation • CSR On-Scene Prioritized Action Plan • 1: Make scene safe • 2: Victim contact by primary responder • 3: Size-Up • 4: Request resources • 5: Assist competent personnel

40. Critical incident Stress Management • Two types of stress • Acute (immediate effects) • Chronic (long term reactions to event) • Process defined • Introduction phase • Fact phase • Thought phase • Reaction phase • Symptom phase • Teaching phase • Reentry phase

41. Summary • Safety systems approach to rescue • Incident management system • Crisis decision making • The response evolution • Critical incident stress management

42. Rescue Involving Hazardous Materials Chapter 19 NELA RRT8

43. Introduction Ludwig Benner’s General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model OSHA Levels of Training Chemical Protective Clothing NFPA Standards for CPC Factors Affecting CPC NELA RRT8

44. Introduction Factors Affecting Rescuers Respiratory Protection Decontamination Summary NELA RRT8

45. Ludwig Benner’s Model • Hazardous Materials Behavior • Four factors that affect hazardous material behavior • Inherent properties and quantity • Characteristics of the container • Natural laws and physics of chemistry • Environmental conditions, terrain and weather NELA RRT8

46. Ludwig Benner’s Model • Sequence of Events • Stress • Breach • Release • Dispersion • Exposure • Harm NELA RRT8

47. Ludwig Benner’s Model • Size-up the Incident • Collect data • Record and plot the data • Compare the data to established exposure levels for health and safety implications • Estimate the impact of exposure to personnel in the endangered area NELA RRT8

48. OSHA Levels of Training • Levels • Awareness • Operations • Technician • Specialist • Incident Commander NELA RRT8

49. Chemical Protective Clothing • Identify product and physical state • Consider flammable vapors and explosive hazard • Temperature of released material • Likelihood of direct contact • Atmospheric concentration (TLV/TWA and IDLH) • Presence of radiation • Route of entry • Potential for suit compromise • Entry to confined or crowded spaces NELA RRT8

50. Chemical Protective Clothing • Levels • Level A • Fully encapsulating with SCBA • Vapor and liquid protection • Highest level of protection • Level B • Splash protection with SCBA • Not gas tight NELA RRT8