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Results

Results. Shaded side. Control. Light. Boysen-Jensen. Illuminated side. Light. Darwin and Darwin. Mica (impermeable). Gelatin (permeable). Light. Opaque shield over curvature. Trans- parent cap. Opaque cap. Tip removed. Results. Excised tip on agar cube.

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Results

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  1. Results Shaded side Control Light Boysen-Jensen Illuminated side Light Darwin and Darwin Mica (impermeable) Gelatin (permeable) Light Opaque shield over curvature Trans- parent cap Opaque cap Tip removed

  2. Results Excised tip on agar cube Growth-promoting chemical diffuses into agar cube Control (agar cube lacking chemical) Offset cubes Control

  3. 4 1 2 3 5 Cell wall-loosening enzymes cleave cross-linking polysaccharides. CELL WALL Low pH activates expansins. H2O Cell wall Plasma membrane H Acidity increases. H H H H H H H Proton pump activity increases. Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuole Plasma membrane ATP Sliding cellulose microfibrils allow cell to elongate. H CYTOPLASM

  4. Grapes from control vine (left) and gibberellin- treated vine (right) (a) Rosette form (left) and gibberellin-induced bolting (right)

  5. Aleurone Endosperm -amylase Sugar GA GA Water Radicle Scutellum (cotyledon)

  6. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) seeds Coleoptile Maize mutant

  7. ein mutant ctr mutant (b) ctr mutant (a) ein mutant

  8. 0.5 mm Protective layer Abscission layer Stem Petiole

  9. (a) Before exposure to light (b) After a week’s exposure to natural daylight

  10. 1.0 436 nm Refracting prism 0.8 0.6 Phototropic effectiveness 0.4 White light 0.2 0 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm) Light wavelengths below 500nm induce curvature. Blue light induces the most curvature of coleoptiles.

  11. Results Red Dark Red Far-red Dark Dark (control) Red Far-red Red Dark Red Far-red Red Far-red

  12. Responses to Pfr: • Seed germination • Inhibition of vertical growth and stimu- lation of branching • Setting internal clocks • Control of flowering Red light Pr Pfr Synthesis Far-red light Slow conversion in darkness (some species) Enzymatic destruction

  13. 10:00 PM Noon

  14. 24 hours (a) Short-day (long-night) plant Light Flash of light Darkness Critical dark period (b) Long-day (short-night) plant Flash of light

  15. 24 hours R R F R R F R R R F R R F R Short-day (long-night) plant Long-day (short-night) plant Critical dark period

  16. Statoliths 20 m (a) Primary root of maize bending gravitropically (LMs) (b) Statoliths settling to the lowest sides of root cap cells (LMs)

  17. (a) Unstimulated state (leaflets spread apart) (b) Stimulated state (leaflets folded)

  18. Vascular cylinder Air tubes Epidermis 100 m 100 m (a) Control root (aerated) (b) Experimental root (nonaerated)

  19. 4 3 1 1 2 Recruitment of parasitoid wasps that lay their eggs within caterpillars Synthesis and release of volatile attractants Wounding Chemical in saliva Signal transduction pathway

  20. 5 4 6 3 2 7 1 Infected tobacco leaf with lesions Signal Signal transduction pathway Hypersensitive response Signal transduction pathway Acquired resistance R protein Avirulent pathogen Avr effector protein R-Avr recognition and hypersensitive response Systemic acquired resistance

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